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This article contributes to the literature on social movements and on transnational collective action by analyzing the roles of brokers in processes of coalition building. Brokerage is defined as bridging initiatives that link actors that are separated by geographical distance, lack of trust, lack of resources, or because they are unaware of each others' existence. This study is based on network data and qualitative research about networks of challengers of trade agreements in the Americas in the past two decades. Findings suggest there are different types of mediating roles and tasks that specific actors are expected to play in enduring coalitions. The experiences of Mexican and Brazilian brokers show that the roles of translators and coordinators are more easily accomplished and sustained through time than the roles of articulators and representatives. Paradoxically, it is when mediating skills are most needed that they seem to be hardest to accomplish. Adapted from the source document.

In the mid-1990s, for the first time in the history of the Americas, truly hemisphere wide collaboration among labor organizations became possible. Yet this new political opportunity structure has not brought actors together in an undisputed new labor internationalism. This article focuses on two key sources of contention among labor organizations in the context of free trade mobilizations between 1990 and 2004: the discussions about coalition building with other civil society actors and the debates about including a social clause in trade agreements. It argues that transnational collective action occurs parallel to the continued relevance of national-level claims and targets, and that this simultaneity represents a real source of challenges, for scholars and labor organizations alike. Based on social network data and qualitative interviews in Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and the United States, the article analyzes the actions taken by labor organizations, and how these changed through time. Adapted from the source document.

This article analyzes the impacts of the process of appropriation of social media on social movement organizations and leaders. It focuses on the case of the Chilean student movement and the cycle of protests that began in 2011. The analysis is based on a multimethods approach, bringing together content analysis of qualitative interviews and focus groups, and three years of network data on Twitter users. It shows that the appropriation of Twitter not only reproduced but actually reinforced preexisting asymmetries among actors. However, during the period studied, organizations put in motion control strategies to try to overcome these asymmetries and to use them to their advantage. Paradoxically, some of these led to greater asymmetries instead of greater equalization. Social movement theories on organizational forms and internal democracy demonstrate the continuous relevance of the "paradoxes of participation," as social movements include new digital technologies in their traditional repertoires. Keywords KeyWords Plus:SOCIAL-MOVEMENT; PROTEST

This book presents rich empirical analyses of the most important movements in Chile's post-transition era: the Student Movement, the Mapuche Movement, the Labor Movement, the Feminist Movement, and the Environmental Movement. The chapters illuminate the processes that led to their emergence, and detail how actors developed new strategies, or revisited old ones, to influence the political arena. The book also offers contributions that situate these cases both in terms of the general trends in protest in Chile, as well as in comparison to other countries in Latin America. Emphasizing various facets of the debate about the relationship between "institutional" and "non-institutional" politics, this volume not only contributes to the study of collective action in Chile, but also to the broader social movement literature.

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book stretches the current horizons in social movement studies even further, by proposing new concepts and questions. It contributes to current efforts to further expand the theoretical frontiers of social movement studies. With the concern for expanding and diversifying the conversation among scholars of social movements everywhere, the book speaks to crucial contemporary debates in the general literature. The book focuses on the interactions between routine and contentious politics, or what are sometimes called "conventional" and "unconventional" forms of political participation. It focuses on changes in organizational ecologies and networks of social movements within and across national boundaries. The book expresses an underlying common interest of the authors in developing a dynamic-relational approach to the study of social movements. It enriches the field with innovative ideas that travel well to other regions and cultures.

This book presents an overview of new approaches to the study of social movements emerging out of Latin America, based on original and innovative analyses of the recent changes in collective action across the region. Over the past decade, new repertoires of contention have emerged in parallel to changes in the configuration of actors, in previously established patterns of relationship between social movements and political institutions, and in the shapes of collaborative networks, both domestic and transnational. The authors analyze a broad set of countries and social movements, while focusing on three key theoretical debates: the interactions between routine and contentious politics, the relationship between protest and context, and the organizational configurations of social movements. The research agenda put forward by this book is neither defined nor restricted by geographical boundaries, even though the chapters are based on field research undertaken in Latin America. In doing so, this volume contributes to a still underdeveloped dialogue in theory-building in social movement studies, among scholars from the South and from the North, as well as among scholars specialized in different regions.

Abstract: We analyse the Chilean student movement by looking at Twitter data from 26 protests, distributed between May of 2011 and November of 2013. Using a mixed methods approach, based on social network analysis and qualitative methods, this article uncovers specific Twitter-based protest patterns and changing centrality of actors over time. It finds that the student movement has increasingly used Twitter, especially during days of protest. It also 318 C. García et al. identifies a process of Twitter institutionalisation, whereby official accounts of organisations have become more central through time, in comparison with individual leaders' accounts. This article contributes to the literature that analyses how existing social movement organisations adapt to emerging environments of digital activism. Keywords: social movements; students; protest; social network analysis; SNA; collective action; social media; Twitter; Chile. Reference to this paper should be made as follows: García, C., von Bülow, M., Ledezma, J. and Chauveau, P. (2014) 'What can Twitter tell us about social movements' network topology and centrality? Analysing the case of the 2011–2013 Chilean student movement', Int. J. Organisational Design and Engineering, Vol. 3, Nos. 3/4, pp.317–337. Biographical notes: Cristóbal García is the Director of the iLab and Assistant Professor of Business Innovation and Design at Pontificia Universidad Catolica of Chile. He is the Founder of the Jump Chile Entrepreneurship Academy and co-investigator of the Web in Movement Project. He is an external faculty at Columbia's Center on Organizational Innovation and a Visiting Scholar at MIT. Marisa von Bülow is a Professor of Political Science at the Political Science Institute, University of Brasilia, Brazil, and Researcher at the Political Science Institute, Catholic University, Chile. She holds a PhD in Political Science and is the author of Building Transnational Networks (Cambridge University Press, 2010). She studies social movements, transnational networks and online activism. Javier Ledezma is a PhD student at the University of Chile's Systems Engineering Program and a research member of the Web in Movement project. His research interests comprise macroeconomics, political economy, innovation and organisational networks. He is a Civil Engineer and holds a Master in Applied Economics. Paul Chauveau is a Research Assistant of the Web in Movement project and an Engineering student at Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. This paper is a revised and expanded version of a paper entitled 'What can Twitter teach us about protests? Analyzing the Chilean student movement's leadership and network evolution through social media use' presented at the 4th International Conference on Collaborative Innovation Networks (COINs), Santiago, Chile, 11–14 August 2013. An even earlier version with this same title was presented at the LINKS Conference, MIT Media Lab in Cambridge, Mass., 22 July 2013.

This chapter analyzes the interaction between social movements and political actors in a democratic context, with an emphasis on the relationship with political parties. Based on the case study of the Chilean student movement, it discusses how this movement has shown resilience and strong mobilization capacity, but at the same time faces great obstacles in reaching the broad impacts it seeks. In order to understand this paradox, we argue that it is important to consider the contradictory and ambiguous but progressive distancing between the student movement and traditional political parties. This process of distancing is traced back to the years 2005–2006, during a previous mobilization of high school students. In thinking about the strategies of the movement, the ideology of the governing coalition (right- or left-wing) matters less than for previous generations of activists, as does the political affiliation of representatives in Congress.