Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- I. Referate zum Tagungsthema -- Willem Molle: The Regional Economic Structure of the European Union: An Analysis of Long-term Developments -- A. Introduction, summary and conclusions -- B. Simple indicators -- I. Employment growth by branch for the whole of the EU -- II. Regional distribution of branch activity -- III. Branch structure of regional economies -- C. Composite indicators -- I. Convergence or divergence? -- II. Regional patterns -- III. Branch patterns -- D. Ways of improvement -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Annexes -- Annex 1: The data base -- Annex 2: The definition of peripherality -- Anthony J. Venables: Economic Integration and Centre-Periphery Inequalities: The View from Trade Theory -- Abstract -- A. Introduction -- B. The location of firms -- C. Agglomeration forces -- D. Integration and industrial agglomeration -- E. Integration, agglomeration and wages -- F. Concluding comments -- References -- Konrad Stahl: Divergenz und Konvergenz der regionalen Wirtschaftsentwicklung aus der Sicht der Raumwirtschaftstheorie -- A. Einleitung -- B. Zur Abgrenzug von Raumwirtschafts- und Außenhandelstheorie -- C. Agglomerationsbildende (und -hemmende) Faktoren -- I. Güterauswahl: Besserer "Mix" -- besserer "Match -- II. Informationsflüsse: Intensivere Wissens-Spillovers -- bessere Marktinformation -- III. Bessere Ausnutzung von Skaleneffekten -- IV. Bessere Risikostreuung -- D. Schlußfolgerungen -- E. Abschließende Bemerkungen -- Literatur -- Manfred Perlitz: Standortentscheidungen von Unternehmen aus betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht -- Zusammenfassung -- A. Der Standort Deutschland als Gegenstand der politischen, unternehmerischen und gewerkschaftlichen Diskussion -- B. Bedeutung der internationalen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit für Unternehmensstrategien -- I. Unternehmensstrategien.

This volume deals with the European integration in the world economy. It addresses various topical issues from a theoretical point of view and includes contributions of practitioners where appropriate. Thereby theoretical analysis is extended and enriched by empirical evidence and policy considerations. Main fields of this volume are European monetary integration and monetary issues raised by German unification, a consistent tax policy within the European Community, the analysis of international capital and labor mobility, international debt problems, the econometrics of international trade and selected issues of international political economic theory. This book integrates contributions of leading international scientists, such as John Chipman, Keith Clark, Elhanan Helpman and Niels Thygesen with those of junior scientists. Each contribution is discussed by well known economists and lawyers

New Institutional Arrangements for the World Economy -- I. Exchange Rate Stabilization -- 1. A Public Choice Analysis of Strategies for Restoring International Economic Stability -- Comments -- 2. Implications of Alternative International Exchange Rate Arrangements for the Developing Countries -- Comments -- 3. The European Monetary System: A Regional Bretton Woods or an Institutional Innovation? -- Comments -- II. International Financial Markets -- 4. Domestic Bank Regulation in a World of International Banking -- Comments -- 5. The Internationalization of Financial Markets and the Regulatory Response -- Comments -- 6. Economic Analysis of Debt-Equity Swaps -- Comments -- 7. Competitive Performance, Regulation and Trade in Banking Services -- Comments -- III. Protectionism and the Uruguay Gatt Round -- 8. Does The World Need a GATT for Services? -- Comments -- 9. Policy Motives and International Trade Restrictions -- Comments -- 10. Protectionist Rules and Internationalist Discretion in the Making of National Trade Policy -- Comments -- IV. Institutional Arrangements for International Production -- 11. Institutional Arrangements for Natural Resources -- Summary of the Discussion -- 12. Property Rights in Information and the Multinational Firm: The Case of Technical Learning in a Multiplant System -- Comments -- 13. New Institutional Arrangements in International Economic Law: The Working of Codes of Conduct -- Comments -- 14. Competing Institutional Arrangements and Internationalization -- Participants.

Under present GATT-rules distortions caused by monopolies, cartels, excessive subsidies, etc. can only be counteracted indirectly at national borders. It is argued that by substituting first best competition policy measures at the origin of distortions for the present regime of second best measures efficiency gains can be realized, provided the still dominating principle of national sovereignty gives way to more international coordination and Cooperation. Experience in the European Union may possibly serve as a guideline for fiiture developments in the World Trade Organisation.

1. Competition policy and trade policy are usually distinct areas of economic policy, the first being inward, the second outward oriented. With increasing economic internationalization their interconnections become more important, not only on the national, but also on the European and world levels. 2. In the EC the completion of the Single Market at the beginning of 1993 permits gains from increased intra-European trade due to specialization, economies of scale and scope, reduced transaction costs. The ensuing restructuring pressures as well as growing imports from third countries lead to inter-firm cooperations, mergers and concentration. National subsidies often increase distortions. 3. EC competition policy therefore is increasingly Controlling deviations from fair competition in the private and in the public sector. It is thus replacing national trade policies by member states, which are no longer available. This is a definite improvement, as imperfections within the EC can thus be addressed directly instead of by second best trade policy measures. 4. Intra-EC imperfections in factor and product markets such as wage rigidities and labour immobility, monopolistic and oligopolistic market structures, positive and negative external effects, public goods, etc. are affecting not only intra-European trade but also trade with third countries. In order to redress the distortions caused by such imperfections, trade policy measures such as import restrictions and export subsidies are used by the EC. These measures often have anti-com-petitive effects which could be avoided by addressing the distortions directly. 5. Non-competitive market structures, government intervention and other imper-fections in third countries give rise to aggressive export and protectionist import policies, which cannot directly be addressed by EC policies. Counteractions by EC trade policy instruments are mostly GATT-legal (safeguards, antidumping and antisubsidy measures), but partly not covered by GATT rules (VERs, OMAs). Both have usually anticompetitive effects: e.g. undertakings are com-parable with international cartels; anticircumvention measures against "screwdriver'-firms have a tendency to limit international capital mobility. 6. Conflicts between EC and third countiy trade policies - which are based on and justified by imperfections in Europe and Overseas - can be solved or at least diminished by attacking these imperfections directly where they arise. This is done within the EC by competition policy; it is planned for the union with EFTA in the EEA; and there are efforts to extend Cooperation between competition policy makers to the world level, following valuable OECD recommendations. It is an open question whether GATT can be strengthened or whether an Institution similar to ITO as envisaged by the Havana Charter will be established. The necessity to coordinate trade policies under worldwide competition rules is undeniable, if huge efficiency losses - possibly trade wars - are to be avoided.

Nach einem kurzen Blick auf die quantitative Bedeutung internationaler Wanderungen in der jüngeren Vergangenheit und der Gegenwart wird zunächst gezeigt, daß individuelle Migrationsentscheidungen mittels eines geläutert utilitaristischen Kalküls erklärbar sind. Auf der gesellschaftlichen bzw. (national-)staatlichen Ebene wird durch die Existenz öffentlicher Güter, insbesondere wenn sie Kapitalgutcharakter haben, die Notwendigkeit staatlicher Migrationspolitik begründet. Entstehende Konflikte zwischen individuellen und gesellschaftlichen Migrationszielsetzungen lassen sich im internationalen Kontext durch Rückgriff auf andere Ausgleichsmechanismen wie Handel, Kapital- und Technologietransfer entschärfen.