Suchergebnisse

La colonisation suivie du règne communiste a laissé sa marque sur l'ancienne Indochine française, constituée des trois pays Vietnam, Laos et Cambodge. Cet article vise à analyser la relation étroite entre des bouleversements politiques de la fin XIXe-début XXe siècle et l'évolution des institutions religieuses en Indochine, pour conclure sur l'interaction et l'influence réciproque entre politique et religieux. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This short communication report some new results obtained from a medical survey among 900 Vietnamese patients. Both income and medical expenditure have positive influence to improving patient satisfaction. But insurance reimbursement rate has negative influence. Patients with residency status are more demanding than those without. The more seriously ill, the less patients find the health services to be satisfactory. The probability of satisfaction conditional on insurance reimbursement is lower for patients with residency status, and higher for those without. There exist thresholds of income, expenditures and insurance reimbursement rate, surpassing which probabilistic trends switch. The expenditure threshold for resident patients is almost three times that for nonresidents. The computed "insurance threshold" exists only within the group of non-resident patients, ~65%, suggesting that getting a reimbursement rate higher than this can be very difficult. Therefore, the government's ambitious goal of universal coverage may be both unrealistic and too rigid as patients with different conditions show different perceptions toward healthcare services. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In this research, we use a survey dataset from 900 Vietnamese patients, of which 605 have health insurance, to establish empirical relations between medical expenditures, actual insurance coverage rate, residency status, socioeconomic status of patients and their perceived dis/satisfaction toward the health insurance services/values. The results show that actual insurance coverage and medical expenditures contribute to higher probabilities of satisfaction, but with coverage rate having much higher influence. In addition, threshold insurance coverage and expenditures are estimated, showing that perceptions are immensely heterogeneous regarding values of benefits, following which the poor and non-resident patients being those most efficient for the healthcare system to target and demonstrate positive policy changes. This group's threshold coverage is only 63.4%, a little above the current mean 58%. Finally, as the universal insurance and full coverage is impossible, Vietnamese health insurance policy should switch to support the most vulnerable, with more flexible health insurance and financing options as the current system has proved too rigid to be of value to the poor. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Background: General health examinations (GHE) have become an increasingly common measure for preventive medicine in Vietnam. However there has still been a lack of understanding about what make Vietnamese (not)attend GHE. The effects of budget or time constraints remain to evaluated. Better-informed policy making needs these inputs. Aim & Objectives: This study aims to investigate factors that may affect Vietnamese behaviors with respect to periodic GHE. Main objectives are to: i) explore empirical relationships between influencing factors and periodic GHE frequencies; and, ii) predict the probabilities of attending GHE and associated conditions.Materials and Methods: The study uses a 2,068-observation categorical dataset obtained from a Vietnamese survey in 2016Q4. The analysis is then performed using the methods of baseline-category logits for establishing relationships between predictor and response variables. Results: There exist relationships among: (i) GHE expenditure and time consumption; (ii) health priority and sensitivity to health data; (iii) insurance status, and (iv) the frequency of GHE, with most p's< 0.01. The general trend shows that psychological factors tend to increase the probability of attending GHE, while costs and time consumption diminish it. Conclusion: (a) People tend to attend GHE if they have resources and a priority for health, with a 72.7% probability; (b) Expenditure and time consumption obstacles reduce the probability of periodic GHE; (c) Setting a health priority and having habit of consuming health data tend to increase the probability of attending periodic GHE; (d) Health insurance should play a positive role in promoting GHE. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Funding Information: This work was supported by the Government of Ontario for the project "Forest FAB: Applied Genomics for Functionalized Fibre and Biochemicals" (grant number ORF-RE-05-005), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada for the Strategic Network Grant "Industrial Biocatalysis Network," and Genome Canada for the LSARP project "SYNBIOMICS – Functional genomics and techno-economic models for advanced biopolymer synthesis" (grant number 10405) to ERM as well as NSERC Discovery Grant 171359 to LDE. LDE is the recipient of a Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Microbial Catabolism and Biocatalysis. Publisher Copyright: © Copyright © 2021 Vuong, Singh, Eltis and Master. ; The relative ability of the small laccase (sLac) and dye-decoloring peroxidase (DyP2) from Amycolatopsis sp. 75iv2 to transform a variety of lignins was investigated using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The enzymes modified organosolv hardwood lignin to different extents even in the absence of an added mediator. More particularly, sLac decreased the lignin modification metric S (S-lignin)/Ar (total aromatics) by 58% over 16h, while DyP2 lowered this ratio by 31% in the absence of exogenous H2O2. When used on their own, both sLac and DyP2 also modified native lignin present in aspen wood powder, albeit to lesser extents than in the organosolv lignin. The addition of ABTS for sLac and Mn2+ as well as H2O2 for DyP2 led to increased lignin modification in aspen wood powder as reflected by a decrease in the G/Ar metric by up to a further 13%. This highlights the importance of exogenous mediators for transforming lignin within its native matrix. Furthermore, the addition of ABTS reduced the selectivity of sLac for S-lignin over G-lignin, indicating that the mediator also altered the product profiles. Finally, when sLac was included in reactions containing DyP2, in part to generate H2O2in situ, the relative abundance of lignin products differed from individual enzymatic treatments. Overall, these results identify possible routes to tuning lignin modification or delignification through choice of enzyme and mediator. Moreover, the current study expands the application of ToF-SIMS to evaluating enzyme action on technical lignins, which can accelerate the discovery and engineering of industrially relevant enzymes for lignin valorization. ; Peer reviewed

In the last three decades many developing and middle-income nations' health care systems have been financed via out-of-pocket payments by individuals. User fees charges, however, may not be the best approach or thenmost equitable approach to finance and/or reform health services in developing nations. This study investigates the status of Vietnam's current health system as a result of implementing user fees policies. A recent mandate by the government to increase the universal cover to 100% attempts to tackle inadequate insurance cover, one of the four major factors contributing to the high and increasing probability of destitution for Vietnamese patients (the other three being: non-residency, long stay in hospital, and high cost of treatment). Empirical results however suggest that this may be catastrophic for low-income earners: if insurance cover reimbursement decreases below 50% of actual health expenditures, the probability of Vietnamese falling into destitution will rise further. Our findings provide policy implications and directions to improve Vietnam's health care system, in particular by ensuring the utilization of health services and financial protection for the people. ; SCOPUS: ar.j ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In the last three decades many developing and middle-income nations' health care systems have been financed via out-of-pocket payments by individuals. User fees charges, however, may not be the best approach or thenmost equitable approach to finance and/or reform health services in developing nations. This study investigates the status of Vietnam's current health system as a result of implementing user fees policies. A recent mandate by the government to increase the universal cover to 100% attempts to tackle inadequate insurance cover, one of the four major factors contributing to the high and increasing probability of destitution for Vietnamese patients (the other three being: non-residency, long stay in hospital, and high cost of treatment). Empirical results however suggest that this may be catastrophic for low-income earners: if insurance cover reimbursement decreases below 50% of actual health expenditures, the probability of Vietnamese falling into destitution will rise further. Our findings provide policy implications and directions to improve Vietnam's health care system, in particular by ensuring the utilization of health services and financial protection for the people.

The relationship between Vietnam and China could be captured in the Chinese expression of "同床异梦",which means lying on the same bed but having different dreams. The two countries share certain culturaland political similarities but also diverge vastly in their national interests. This paper adds to the extantliterature on this topic by analyzing the element of trust/mistrust in their interactions in trade-investment,tourism, and defense-security. The analysis shows how the relationship is increasingly interdependent butis equally fragile due to the lack of trust on both sides. The mistrust or even distrust of Chinese subjectsrun deep within the Vietnamese mindset, from the skepticism of Chinese investment, Chinese tourists,discrimination against ethnic Chinese, to the caution against Chinese aggression in the South China Sea.The paper forecasts that, despite the deep-seated differences and occasional mistrust, going forward,neither side would risk damaging the status quo even when tensions peak. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/published