Suchergebnisse

The reviewed monograph presents a modern concept of the interaction between International and domestic law.

The review of the monograph devoted to the modern concept of interpretation of international treaties, prepared by the author's team under the editorship of Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation A. Ya. Kapustin, is presented. It is noted that this scientific work is a significant event in the world of legal science, makes a significant contribution to the Russian science of International Law due to the circumstances of the scientific substantiation of the phenomenon of interpretation of an international treaty, the systematic development of issues of theory and practice of the designated problem of the science of International Law.

Today the competition among states to promote their international legal policy is intensifying and there is evident need for convincing interpretation of the core notions provided in the UN Charter and other universal treaties, yet not defined in these instruments. In light of this political and legal background, the present article explores the international law scope of the terms "nation" and "people" and whether all states are considered as "nations" under the terms of the UN Charter. The authors also investigate the concept of "mankind" from the standpoint of the law of treaties concluding that such a concept is not legally identical to the term "international community of states".

This seminal book results from a NATO Advanced Research Workshop at the University of Cambridge with Russian co-directorship, enabling the first formal dialogue between NATO and Russia about security issues in the Arctic Ocean. Involving interdisciplinary participation with experts from 17 nations, including all of the Arctic states, this workshop itself reflects progress in Arctic cooperation and collaboration. Interests now are awakening globally to take advantage of extensive energy, shipping, fishing and tourism opportunities in the Arctic Ocean as it is being transformed from a permanent sea-ice cap to a seasonally ice-free sea. This environmental state-change is introducing inherent risks of political, economic and cultural instabilities that are centralized among the Arctic states and indigenous peoples with repercussions globally. Responding with urgency, environmental security is presented as an "integrated approach for assessing and responding to the risks as well as the opportunities generated by an environmental state-change." In this book - diverse perspectives on environmental security in the Arctic Ocean are shared in chapters from high-level diplomats, parliamentarians and government officials of Arctic and non-Arctic states; leaders of Arctic indigenous peoples organizations; international law advisors from Arctic states as well as the United Nations; directors of inter-governmental organizations and non-governmental organizations; managers of multi-national corporations; political scientists, historians and economists; along with Earth system scientists and oceanographers. Building on the "common arctic issues" of "sustainable development and environmental protection" established by the Arctic Council - environmental security offers an holistic approach to assess opportunities and risks as well as develop infrastructure responses with law of the sea as the key "international legal framework" to "promote the peaceful uses" of the Arctic Ocean. With vision for future generations, environmental security is a path to balance national interests and common interests in the Arctic Ocean for the lasting benefit of all.

The Arctic is saturated with nuclear facilities bringing both benefits for regional economic and social development and risks of nuclear and radiological accidents and concerns about radioactive wastes. There is every reason to expect the Arctic will remain a nuclearized region during the foreseeable future. This makes it important to direct attention to issues of nuclear safety and security in the region. We identify several clusters of these issues in the Arctic, including the challenges of potential nuclear accidents, the handling of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, the cleanup of radiological contaminants, and concerns about nuclear security. An analysis of international conventions and voluntary codes of conduct shows that they are applicable to Arctic nuclear safety and security, but only in general terms. This suggests a need for an Arctic-specific agreement on nuclear and radiological safety, emergency preparedness and response, and cleanup of radiological contaminants. The outbreak of military hostilities in Ukraine in February 2022 has disrupted normal procedures for addressing issues of common concern in the Arctic. But the need for co-operation regarding matters like nuclear safety and security will not go away. Assuming it is possible to devise "necessary modalities" for restarting the work of the Arctic Council following the acute phase of the Ukraine crisis, an Arctic-specific agreement on nuclear safety and security could be developed under the auspices of the Arctic Council, which already has taken an interest in nuclear safety through the activities of its Working Group on Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response. Once such an agreement is in place, it will become important to consider the infrastructure needed to ensure that its provisions are implemented effectively.

The Arctic is saturated with nuclear facilities bringing both benefits for regional economic and social development and risks of nuclear and radiological accidents and concerns about radioactive wastes. There is every reason to expect the Arctic will remain a nuclearized region during the foreseeable future. This makes it important to direct attention to issues of nuclear safety and security in the region. We identify several clusters of these issues in the Arctic, including the challenges of potential nuclear accidents, the handling of spent nuclear fuel and radioactive waste, the cleanup of radiological contaminants, and concerns about nuclear security. An analysis of international conventions and voluntary codes of conduct shows that they are applicable to Arctic nuclear safety and security, but only in general terms. This suggests a need for an Arctic-specific agreement on nuclear and radiological safety, emergency preparedness and response, and cleanup of radiological contaminants. The outbreak of military hostilities in Ukraine in February 2022 has disrupted normal procedures for addressing issues of common concern in the Arctic. But the need for co-operation regarding matters like nuclear safety and security will not go away. Assuming it is possible to devise "necessary modalities" for restarting the work of the Arctic Council following the acute phase of the Ukraine crisis, an Arctic-specific agreement on nuclear safety and security could be developed under the auspices of the Arctic Council, which already has taken an interest in nuclear safety through the activities of its Working Group on Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response. Once such an agreement is in place, it will become important to consider the infrastructure needed to ensure that its provisions are implemented effectively.

Foreword by Paul Arthur Berkman, Alexander N. Vylegzhanin and Oran R. Young -- Preface by Alexander N. Vylegzhanin -- Part 1: Treaties (selected provisions) -- Regional Treaty Law -- Bilateral Treaties of Arctic States -- Bilateral Treaties with Russia -- Bilateral Treaties of other Arctic States -- Part 2: Subsidiary Means for the Determination of Rules of International Law (selected provisions) -- Part 3: Relevant Laws and Other Legal Acts of Russia (selected provisions) -- Part 4: Legislative Fundamentals of Arctic Policies of Foreign States and of the European Union (selected provisions) -- Index

Intro -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Contributors -- Acronyms -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: (Research): Introduction: Building Common Interests with Informed Decisionmaking for Sustainability -- 1.1 Building Common Interests -- 1.1.1 Science as the `Study of Change´ -- 1.1.2 Operating Across a `Continuum of Urgencies´ -- 1.1.3 Science Diplomacy to Negotiate Transformation -- 1.2 The Arctic Ocean -- 1.2.1 Interconnected Home Systems -- 1.2.2 Interconnected Governance Systems -- 1.3 With Global Inclusion -- 1.3.1 Local-Global Considerations -- 1.3.2 Precaution Across Generations -- Appendix -- The Precautionary Principle or Approach -- References -- Chapter 2: (Action): Welcome to Arctic Frontiers 2020, Plenary Introductory Remarks, Opening Speech -- Chapter 3: (Action): Welcome to Arctic Frontiers 2020, Plenary Introductory Remarks -- Chapter 4: (Action): Welcome to Arctic Frontiers 2020, Plenary Introductory Remarks -- Part II: The Arctic Ocean: Evolving Ecological and Sustainability Challenges -- Chapter 5: (Research): Preventing Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Navigation in Arctic Seas -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate Change in the Arctic: New Possibilities for Navigation and New Risks Due to Piracy and Other Unlawful Acts Against... -- 5.3 A Review of Piracy in Other Regions and What It May mean for the Arctic Shipping -- 5.4 Is Piracy a Threat to the Growing Economic Activities in the Arctic Ocean? -- 5.5 The Northern Sea Route: Towards an Initial ``Precautionary Anti-piracy Approach´´? -- 5.6 Towards a Regional Maritime Security Regime in the Arctic? -- 5.7 The Content of the Regional Arctic Anti-criminal Agreement: Further Options -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: (Research): Microplastics in the Arctic Benthic Fauna: A Case Study of the Snow Crab in the Pechora Sea, Russia.