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AbstractThis study argues for a more nuanced approach to our understanding of the impact of economic conditions on immigration. Without differentiating the reasons why immigrants move, salient variations in temporal arrival patterns, spatial variations in immigrants' settlement patterns upon arrival, and variations in labour market outcomes will remain hidden. With information on the reasons why immigrants came to the US, this study offers a novel look at the associations between immigration and macro‐economic conditions. Using data from the March Supplements of the Current Population Surveys from 2000 to 2014, we find: (i) job‐related immigration is only pro‐cyclical if it is not employer‐based, but involves low‐skill immigrants in search of employment; (ii) among job‐related immigrants, the attraction of gateway states declines as macro‐economic conditions worsen; (iii) with respect to labour market outcomes, immigrant characteristics that provide the highest level of immunity to the ups and downs of the economy include a high educational attainment level, residence outside the gateway states, plus the privilege of having a job‐in‐hand rather than looking for a job upon arrival.

ABSTRACT  Since the 1970s, many local jurisdictions in politically fragmented metropolitan regions have enacted growth control and management measures to tackle the challenges arising from rapid suburban growth. These locally implemented growth controls have produced spillovers—the spatial shifts of homebuilding and households to nearby localities. Using data for California, this paper investigates the link between growth controls and homebuilding. The results suggest that some of the excess homebuilding can be linked to the presence or absence of growth control measures and thus be attributed to spillover effects. Moreover, generators of spillovers are nearly exclusively located in urban areas along the coast whereas the receptors of spillovers are primarily found at the metropolitan fringes and in peripherally located jurisdictions of the interior.

AbstractSegregation by race, ethnicity and income is a persistent feature of US cities and communities, and ethnic enclaves have formed ever since immigration became more diverse. For low‐skilled immigrants in particular, settling in an ethnic enclave may offer important opportunities and facilitate coping with the new environment. However, immigrant enclaves may also foster occupational segregation and retard assimilation, with the willingness to invest in language acquisition playing a key role. This paper expands on earlier work focusing on the linkage between spatial segregation and language acquisition. Using data from the 2000 US Census, the study stratifies immigrants by their location in one of four metropolitan areas by educational attainment and national origin in order to determine the effect of these individual characteristics on English proficiency. The probability of speaking English was found to vary across the four locales and educational attainment. Language acquisition was highest in the metropolitan area where the immigrant share is smallest, and is increasing in educational attainment.ResumenLa segregación por raza, etnicidad e ingresos es una característica permanente en ciudades y comunidades de los EE.UU., y desde que la inmigración se volvió más diversa siempre se han formado enclaves étnicos. El establecerse en un enclave étnico, en particular para inmigrantes no cualificados, puede ofrecer importantes oportunidades y facilitar el hacer frente al nuevo ambiente. Sin embargo, los enclaves de inmigrantes pueden albergar también segregación ocupacional y retrasar la integración, y en ellos la voluntad de invertir en la adopción de la lengua idioma juega un papel clave. Este artículo amplía estudios anteriores y se centra en el vínculo entre la segregación espacial y la adopción de la lengua. El estudio utiliza datos del censo del año 2000 de los EE.UU. para estratificar inmigrantes según su localización en una de entre cuatro áreas metropolitanas y según su nivel académico y país de origen para determinar el efecto de estas características individuales en su dominio del inglés. Se encontró que la probabilidad de hablar inglés es diferente para las cuatro localizaciones y según el nivel académico. La adopción de la lengua fue mayor en el área metropolitana en que la proporción de inmigrantes es menor, y aumenta con el nivel académico.

ABSTRACT  This paper examines how the college‐educated population—segmented into selective demographic groups, from young adults to the elderly—differentially values quality‐of‐life (QOL) indicators of metropolitan areas in the United States. Using data from the 2000 Census and the 1997 Places Rated Almanac, out‐migration patterns are shown to depend jointly upon stage in the life course, the spatial‐demographic setting, and QOL characteristics. An abundance of cultural and recreational amenities lowers out‐migration rates of young college‐educated. For the older college‐educated population, the revealed preferences shift toward concerns for safety and a strong preference for milder climates. The study also finds significantly lower out‐migration rates for metropolitan areas with growing human capital. In light of shifting age distributions and rising educational attainment levels, the results have important implications for the emergence of new migration patterns and the concentration of human capital.