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This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1979

part, I OVERVIEW OF ETHICAL ISSUES IN URBAN PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION -- chapter 1 Professional Ethics and Beyond: Values in Planning -- chapter 2 The Ethics of Contemporary American Planners -- chapter 3 Foundations for Normative Planning -- chapter 4 The Structure of Ethical Choice in Planning Practice -- chapter 5 Realms of Obligation and Virtue -- part, II CORRUPTION AND WHISTLE-BLOWING IN PLANNING ORGANIZATIONS -- chapter 6 Corruption and Reform in Land-Use and Building Regulation: Incentives and Disincentives -- chapter 7 Corruption as a Feature of Governmental Organization -- chapter 8 Whistle Blowing: Its Nature and Justification -- chapter 9 Ethical Dilemmas in Government: Designing an Organizational Response -- part, III ETHICAL ISSUES IN POLICYMAKING -- chapter 10 The Place of Principles in Policy Analysis -- chapter 11 Utilitarianism and the Presuppositions of Cost-Benefit Analysis: An Essay on the Relevance of Moral Philosophy to the Theory of Bureaucracy -- chapter 12 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Environmental, Safety, and Health Regulation: Ethical and Philosophical Considerations -- chapter 13 Ethical Dilemmas in Forecasting for Public Policy -- chapter 14 Normative Criteria for Organizational Discourse: A Methodological Approach -- part, IV THE EMERGENCE OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL ETHIC -- chapter 15 Land Planning in an Ethical Perspective -- chapter 16 Is There an Ecological Ethic? Holmes Rolston III -- chapter 17 Are We Ready for an Ecological Morality? -- chapter 1 Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, American Institute of Certified Planners, 1981 -- chapter 2 The Social Responsibility of the Planner, American Institute of Planners, 1973 -- chapter 3 American Society for Public Administration: Statement of Principles, 1981 -- chapter 4 A Code of Ethics for Government Service, Public Law 96-303, 1980.

In 1992 Professor Dick Netzer posed the question "Do We Really Need a National Infrastructure Policy?" but a national infrastructure policy really is a fanciful notion. America has never had a national infrastructure policy, there is no consensus as to what constitutes "infrastructure," and little to agreement on public policy at the national level. Although we may agree that public expenditures to build and maintain infrastructure should be effective, efficient, and equitable, however hard we try and however sincere our efforts, we never agree on the meanings of terms like infrastructure, policy, effectiveness, efficiency, or equity. The futility of striving toward "a" national or unified infrastructure policy does not, of course, prevent America from pursuing innumerable national infrastructure policies. This essay posits that America can take many practical and important steps to manage and improve its infrastructure regardless of whether it has a document called a "national infrastructure policy."

Motor fuel taxes at state and federal levels have traditionally been earmarked for transportation investments, supporting road construction, maintenance, operations, and increasing public transit. Recently, elected officials have been reluctant to raise fuel taxes despite increases in the cost of transportation programs. Other forms of support, especially borrowing and local sales taxes, are playing larger roles in transportation finance. Raising fuel taxes would be more effective, efficient, and equitable than the alternatives that are increasingly more popular.

Just as the Eiffel Tower is the symbol of Paris, and the Statue of Liberty is the symbol of New York, it can be said that the freeway is an internationally recognized symbol of California. The California transportation system was not too long ago the envy of the world, yet there is today a serious question as to whether or not our state is in a leadership position with respect to the provision of mobility to its citizens. Forty years ago, Governor Pat Brown and most members of the state legislature believed that transportation infrastructure investments were fundamental to economic growth and that large commitments of public funds for the construction of a transportation network would pay ample dividends over many decades in the form of growth in population, commerce, tourism, and tax revenues. These views enjoyed broad public support. The aggressiveness with which leaders in the fifties built a state highway system can today be criticized by environmentalists and preservationists, but it was monumental and their projections of growth and change have over time been proven to have been largely correct. The shared sense of direction and commitment that characterized our state during the freeway building days, and the partnership between federal and state governments that funded our highway system is long since gone. In place of unity and commitment transportation policy making is today characterized by timidity and indecision. With our state highway program stalled, California's public transit program is also falling far short of what is needed to provide mobility to a growing number of inner-city transit dependent people. As we look forward to a new century, we must question whether our transportation program is sufficient to serve the population growth we expect or to sustain the economic growth that we hope for.

Transportation planners and economists are urging us to adopt congestion pricing - to charge motorists more for driving on crowded roads during rush hours and less for traveling on uncrowded roads in off-peak hours. By putting a price on peak-hour travel, we would encourage motorists to switch to less crowded alternate routes or, better yet, take public transit, join a carpool, or travel at a time of day when the roads are less crowded. Such tolls might even induce some travelers to alter the origins or destinations of their trips or to cancel less important trips, thereby cutting their total amount of auto travel. In his recent article in ACCESS (Spring 1993), Kenneth Small suggested why the idea of congestion pricing is gaining much more attention today, even though it has been around for decades. In part it's because electronic toll collection now allows us to vary prices on roads by time of day and location without awkward and costly toll booths which themselves slow traffic. Congestion pricing has also become attractive because governments are strapped for funds, and road pricing is potentially a lucrative source of revenue.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Part I: Ethical Theory and Planning Theory -- Introduction -- 1 A Classical Liberal (Libertarian) Approach to Planning Theory -- 2 Rawlsian Planning Theory -- 3 Contemporary Procedural Ethical Theory and Planning Theory -- 4 Community and the Four Jewels of Planning -- 5 Contemporary Environmental Philosophy and Its Challenge to Planning Theory -- 6 Feminist Contributions to Ethics and Planning Theory -- Part II: Ethical Theory and Planning Practice -- Introduction -- 7 Rawlsian Justice and Community Planning -- 8 Ethics in Environmental Planning Practice: The Case of Agricultural Land Protection -- 9 An Equity-Based Approach to Waste Management Facility Siting -- 10 Ethics, Passion, Reason, and Power: The Rhetorics of Electric Power Planning in Chicago -- 11 Education Planning: Ethical Dilemmas Arising in Public Policy Decision Making -- Part III: Ethical Theory and Planning Education -- Introduction -- 12 Reflections on Teaching Three Versions of a Planning Ethics Course -- 13 Teaching Ethics and Planning Theory -- 14 Introducing Philosophical Theories to Urban Transportation Planning -- 15 Teaching Environmental Philosophy to Graduate Planning Students -- Selected Bibliography -- About the Contributors -- Index