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ill. ; 25 cm ; Between the late 8th and the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, the territories east of the lower Vistula valley represented a borderland between eastern Pomerania and Prussia. The frontier area was generally uninhabited at least until the turn of the 8th and 9th centuries, when colonization from both sides (Pomeranian and Prussian) started. Significant changes in the colonization of the investigated area may be dated back to the 11th century, when a large settlement complex in Węgry was established. For at least seven decades, with its military, economic, trade, political and administrative functions, it was the most important culture-generating East Pomerania-related centre situated to the east of the lower Vistula river. Undoubtedly the stronghold in Węgry had a central function. The paper discusses new research on the issue of the making of the Pomeranian-Prussian borderland, and especially on the significance of the settlement complex in Węgry and its role in the cultural development of the area ; il. ; 25 cm ; Between the late 8th and the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, the territories east of the lower Vistula valley represented a borderland between eastern Pomerania and Prussia. The frontier area was generally uninhabited at least until the turn of the 8th and 9th centuries, when colonization from both sides (Pomeranian and Prussian) started. Significant changes in the colonization of the investigated area may be dated back to the 11th century, when a large settlement complex in Węgry was established. For at least seven decades, with its military, economic, trade, political and administrative functions, it was the most important culture-generating East Pomerania-related centre situated to the east of the lower Vistula river. Undoubtedly the stronghold in Węgry had a central function. The paper discusses new research on the issue of the making of the Pomeranian-Prussian borderland, and especially on the significance of the settlement complex in Węgry and its role in the cultural development of the area

Archaeological investigations carried out at the early medieval cemetery in Ciepłe
in northern Poland have yielded arms and equestrian equipment deposited in chamber
graves belonging to the local elite. This study is based on elements of equestrian
equipment and horse harness which were found in graves 35, 42 and 43. Based on the few
metallographic analyses of European iron spurs, stirrups and bits dated between the 10th
and 11th centuries, it may be suggested that the artifacts from Ciepłe were forged from
bloomery low-carbon metal with low to medium phosphorus content. The objects and their
parts (bits) are single- and multiple-piece forgings of varying degrees of complexity.
The greatest skill was required in the manufacturing of stirrups, which in the case of
the Ciepłe set are all composite products, each welded from two or three pieces of iron.
Also included in this group are the bit sides from grave 43, both of which were made by
joining together two chunks of metal. The remaining items, i. e. mouthpiece links, side
plates, rings of horse bits, spurs, separators for stirrup leathers and bridle ferrules
are hot formed objects, forged from single pieces of iron. All of the non-ferrous metal
decorations of the equestrian equipment and horse harness were made in the so-called
false damascening technique. The surface of the plating was also sometimes decorated
with an additional negative drawing, sometimes lavish and rich in detail.