Suchergebnisse

This study investigates the effect of changing EU Council Presidencies on the representation of EU-Russia relations. Since the member states of the EU are still largely sovereign, they do not only take part in the CFSP of the EU, but they follow their own national or bilateral approaches to third countries. These approaches to Russia within the EU may differ substantially from each other. Therefore the assumption is justified that there are also differences in the approaches of different Council Presidencies. The main research question thus to be answered is 'What kind of social reality of EU-Russia relations emerges from the articulations of changing EU Council Presidencies?' In order to be able to answer this question, I conduct a discourse analysis based on the works of Laclau & Mouffe (1985) and Thomas Diez (2001). The discourse analysis is applied mainly to speeches and statements of Council Presidencies given at EU-Russia summits or similar events. In particular, this study takes into account all articulations relevant to EU-Russia relations by the German, Portuguese, and Slovenian Presidencies between January 2007 and June 2008. With the help of the main analytical tool of Discursive Nodal Points, the discourses that are hegemonic in the articulations of these three Presidencies are identified. The discourses are in turn subject to the theoretical analysis along the lines of the English School theoretical framework. More precisely, the discourses are assessed along the lines of the three key concepts of the English School: International System, pluralist/solidarist International Society, and World Society. The result at first constitutes an illustration of the high complexity of the social reality of EU-Russia relations. This study shows that each Council Presidency puts an emphasis and priority on different issues, themes, and ideas. Yet, with the help of the three key concepts of the English School, patterns in the articulations of EU-Russia relations could be identified explaining why and how the EU-Russia regional International Society appears at times more pluralist and at times more solidarist. Asiasanat:EU, Russia, EU-Russia relations, Council Presidency, Germany, Portugal, Slovenia, CFSP, Euro-Slavism, English School, discourse analysis, discursive nodal point

Für die Ermittlung der Altfahrzeugverwertungsquoten nach der Altfahrzeug-Richtlinie 2000/53/EG in Deutschland wurde Anfang der 2000er Jahre eine Methodik entwickelt. Sie basiert auf einer Erhebung der Input- und Outputströme der Altfahrzeug-Demontagebetriebe sowie der Altfahrzeug-behandelnden Schredderbetriebe im Rahmen der Abfallstatistik nach Umweltstatistikgesetz. Seit nunmehr 10 Jahren werden die Verwertungsquoten für Altfahrzeuge mit unveränderter Methodik ermittelt. Ziel des Vorhabens war es vor diesem Hintergrund, die Methodik und Datengrundlagen für das Monitoring der Altfahrzeugverwertungsquoten auf nationaler Ebene zu aktualisieren und die Datenqualität zu verbessern. Zudem wurde die Hochwertigkeit der Verwertung sowie die Ressourceneffizienz der Altfahrzeugverwertung analysiert und Verbesserungspotenziale dargestellt. 2016 wurde ein Altfahrzeugverwertungs- und –schredderversuch mit 425 Altfahrzeugen in drei Demontagebetrieben und 2 Schredderanlagen durchgeführt. Das durchschnittliche gewogene Altfahrzeuggewicht betrug 1.028 kg (inklusive Treibstoff) bzw. 1.012 kg (ohne Treibstoff). Der durchschnittliche Metallgehalt der Altfahrzeuge lag zwischen 71,2 % und 76,6 %. 32 % des nicht-metallischen Schredderoutput wurden stofflich und 60 % energetisch verwertet. Für die Fortschreibung des Quotenmonitorings wurde eine Metallverwertungsquote von 99 % ermittelt. 22,5 % des Restkarossengewichts fallen als nichtmetallische Schredderrückstände an. Zur Stärkung der Hochwertigkeit der Altfahrzeugverwertung wurden insbesondere weiterführende Anforderungen an die Separation von Wertstoffen empfohlen.

Carbon-based electrodes represent a promising approach to improve stability and up-scalability of perovskite photovoltaics. The temperature at which these contacts are processed defines the absorber grain size of the perovskite solar cell: in cells with low-temperature carbon-based electrodes (L-CPSCs), layer-by-layer deposition is possible, allowing perovskite crystals to be large (>100 nm), while in cells with high-temperature carbon-based contacts (H-CPSCs), crystals are constrained to 10-20 nm size. To enhance the power conversion efficiency of these devices, the main loss mechanisms were identified for both systems. Measurements of charge carrier lifetime, quasi-Fermi level splitting (QFLS) and light-intensity-dependent behavior, supported by numerical simulations, clearly demonstrate that H-CPSCs strongly suffer from non-radiative losses in the perovskite absorber, primarily due to numerous grain boundaries. In contrast, large crystals of L-CPSCs provide long carrier lifetime (1.8 µs) and exceptionally high QFLS of 1.21 eV for an absorber bandgap of 1.6 eV. These favorable characteristics explain the remarkable open-circuit voltage (VOC) of over 1.1 V in hole-selective layer-free L-CPSCs. However, the low photon absorption and poor charge transport in these cells limit their potential. Finally, effective strategies are provided to reduce non-radiative losses in H-CPSCs, transport losses in L-CPSCs and to improve photon management in both cell types. ; This work has been partially funded within the projects PROPER financed from the German Ministry of Education and Research under funding number 01DR19007 and UNIQUE supported under umbrella of SOLAR-ERA.NET_cofund by ANR, PtJ, MIUR, MINECO-AEI and SWEA, within the EU's HORIZON 2020 Research and Innovation Program (cofund ERA-NET Action No. 691664). D. B. acknowledges the scholarship support of the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) and S. Z. acknowledges the scholarship support of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). B.Y. and A.Ha. acknowledge the funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program ESPRESSO under the agreement No.: 764047. This work has also been partially funded by Swiss National Science Foundation with Project No. 200020_185041. T.D. acknowledges a National University of Ireland Travelling Studentship. K.F. acknowledges a George and Lilian Schiff Studentship, Winton Studentship, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) studentship, Cambridge Trust Scholarship, and Robert Gardiner Scholarship. S.S. acknowledges support from the Royal Society and Tata Group (UF150033). M.A. acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No.841386. The authors would like to thank Maryamsadat Heydarian and Laura Stevens for their EQE and AFM measurements. The authors thank the EPSRC (EP/R023980/1) for funding.