Suchergebnisse

The issue of human rights is a problem of great concern in the European Union. Previous alliances faced problems related to human rights in the areas of geopolitics and geo-economics. The ECHR (European Convention of Human Rights) is present as a regime carrying out human rights values that were previously influenced by COE (The Convention of Europe) in the European Union. The development of the ECHR as a human rights regime in the European Union is very dependent on the conditions of the EU member states themselves, which were previously fragmented into fascist and communism systems and must be transformed into democratic liberals. Data in this research will be explored through literature method (library research). The process of developing the ECHR as a human rights regime should be analyzed through an international regime approach using the theory of regime-interplay which will examine the ECHR process as one of the influential human rights regimes in the European Union.Bahasa Indonesia Abstract: Isu Hak Asasi Manusia adalah masalah yang sangat diperhatikan di Uni Eropa. Aliansi negara-negara Eropa sebelumnya menghadapi masalah yang berkaitan dengan Hak Asasi Manusia yang dihubungkan dengan aspek geo-politik dan geo-ekonomi di kawasan tersebut. ECHR (Konvensi Eropa tentang Hak Asasi Manusia) hadir sebagai rezim yang menjalankan nilai-nilai HAM yang sebelumnya dipengaruhi oleh COE (Konvensi Eropa) di Uni Eropa. Perkembangan ECHR sebagai rezim hak asasi manusia di Uni Eropa sangat tergantung pada kondisi negara-negara anggota UE sendiri, yang sebelumnya terfragmentasi menjadi sistem fasisme dan komunisme, dan harus ditransformasikan menjadi sistem liberal. Data dalam penelitian ini akan dianalisa melalui metode literatur (studi pustaka). Proses pengembangan ECHR sebagai rezim Hak Asasi Manusia dianalisis melalui pendekatan rezim internasional menggunakan teori regime-interplay yang akan menelaah proses ECHR sebagai salah satu rezim HAM yang berpengaruh di Uni Eropa.

Uni Eropa (UE) merupakan lembaga yang paling diakui dan dipercaya didunia dalam kaitannya terhadap "Ekolabel" yang dikenal sebagai label yang mengidentifikasi preferensi lingkungan dari keseluruhan produk (barang atau jasa) dalam kategori produk berdasarkan pertimbangan siklus hidup, meskipun UE bersifat sukarela, ratusan perusahaan di seluruh Eropa telah bergabung terkait daya saing dan komitmen UE terhadap lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, Uni Eropa memiliki mekanisme kebijakan yang kompleks dan rumit. Mekanisme kebijakan eco-labelling meliputi serangkaian persyaratan serta alur birokratis yang harus dipenuhi agar suatu produk dapat mendapatkan izin untuk beredar dalam wilayah yurisdiksi Uni Eropa. Renewable Energy Directive (RED) merupakaN salah satu mekanisme yang dikeluarkan oleh Uni Eropa terhadap produk CPO Indonesia yang berdampak terhadap menurunnya ekspor produk CPO Indonesia ke kawasan tersebut. Tulisan ini akan membahas RED sebagai mekanisme yang menekankan CPO Indonesia untuk tidak dapat masuk ke Uni Eropa dalam perspektif Hukum Internasional. Tulisan ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif. Hasil dari tulisan ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan RED oleh Uni Eropa digunakan sebagai alat penekan untuk produk CPO Indonesia yang akan di ekspor ke kawasan tersebut. Kata Kunci: Crude palm Oil (CPO), Indonesia, International Law, Renewable Energy Directive (RED), The European Union.

This research will examine the double standards of US foreign policy against the coup in Egypt in 2013, given that the US intervention against the Middle East region is very dominant. Attention and the US response be different in response to the case of the coup in Egypt. US seemed to not make this case as a priority despite the coup led to the violation of human rights and democracy. The response shown by the US is very different compared to the US intervention against Iraq and Libya are rated US itself as defending human rights and democracy in the region. The purpose of this research is to find out why the US double standards in its foreign policy related to the Egyptian coup. Data will be explored through literature method (library research). Overall the data will be correlated with foreign political theory of rational actor models that can explain the reason for choosing the attitude of the US double standard in a coup in Egypt in 2013 based on the selection and cost-benefit considerations on the measures taken. The results of this paper indicate that the indication of the double standards shown by the US to Egypt coup influenced by the victory of the Muslim Brotherhood (IM) as a political Islam that could interfere with the stability and US interests in the Middle East. Some of the options and the consequences have been considered by the US in response to the case, including participating ignoring their violations of democracy and human rights in the case even though it was contrary to the foundations and principles of US foreign policy. Another indication that support multiple standards is the response of US allies in the Middle East, such as Israel, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates who consider IM as a threat to the stability and the Middle East region. Keywords: US double standards, US foreign policy, coup Egypt, political Islam, Muslim Brotherhood Penelitian ini akan mengkaji standar ganda politik luar negeri Amerika Serikat terhadap kudeta di Mesir tahun 2013, mengingat bahwa intervensi AS terhadap kawasan Timur Tengah sangat dominan. Perhatian dan respon AS terlihat berbeda dalam menanggapi kasus kudeta di Mesir. AS seolah tidak membuat kasus ini sebagai prioritas walaupun kudeta tersebut berujung pada pelanggaran HAM dan demokrasi. Respon yang diperlihatkan oleh AS sangat berbeda jika dibandingkan dengan intervensi AS terhadap Irak dan Libya yang dinilai AS sendiri sebagai upaya penegakan HAM dan demokrasi di kawasan tersebut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mencari tahu mengapa AS bersikap standar ganda dalam politik luar negerinya terkait dengan kudeta Mesir. Data akan ditelaah melalui metode kepustakaan. Keseluruhan data akan dikorelasikan dengan teori politik luar negeri model aktor rasional yang dapat memaparkan alasan AS untuk memilih sikap standar ganda dalam kudeta Mesir 2013 berdasarkan pemilihan dan pertimbangan untung-rugi atas tindakan yang telah diambil. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa indikasi standar ganda yang diperlihatkan oleh AS terhadap kudeta Mesir dipengaruhi oleh kemenangan Ikhwanul Muslimin (IM) sebagai political Islamyang dapat mengganggu stabilitas dan kepentingan AS di Timur Tengah. Beberapa pilihan dan konsekuensi telah dipertimbangkan oleh AS dalam merespon kasus ini, termasuk ikut mengabaikan adanya pelanggaran demokrasi dan HAM dalam kasus tersebut walaupun hal tersebut bertentangan dengan landasan dan prinsip politik luar negeri AS. Indikasi lain yang mendukung standar ganda ialah respon sekutu AS di Timur Tengah, seperti: Israel, Arab Saudi, dan Uni Emirat Arab yang menganggap IM sebagai ancaman bagi stabilitas dan kawasan Timur Tengah. Kata kunci: standar ganda AS, politik luar negeri AS, kudeta Mesir, politik Islam, Ikhwanul Muslimin

Purposes - This study aims to analyze the influence of understanding taxpayers and taxpayer awareness of tax revenue success, either directly or mediated by taxpayer complianceMethods - This study is associative research. The sample of this study amounted to 100 taxpayers. Technique of collecting data was using questionaire, while technique of data analysis was using path analysis.Findings - The results of this study indicate that understanding and awareness of taxpayers had a positive and significant impact on taxpayer compliance. Understanding taxpayers, awareness and compliance taxpayers had a positive and significant impact on tax revenue success. Taxpayer compliance is not an intervening variable.Keywords - Understanding, Awareness, Compliance, Taxpayer, Success, Acceptance, Income Tax ; Purposes- This study aims to analyze the influence of understanding taxpayers and taxpayer awareness of tax revenue success, either directly or mediated by taxpayer complianceMethods- This study is associative research. The sample of this study amounted to 100 taxpayers. Technique of collecting data was using questionaire, while technique of data analysis was using path analysis.Findings- The results of this study indicate that understanding and awareness of taxpayers had a positive and significant impact on taxpayer compliance. Understanding taxpayers, awareness and compliance taxpayers had a positive and significant impact on tax revenue success. Taxpayer compliance is not an intervening variable.Keywords- Understanding, Awareness, Compliance, Taxpayer, Success, Acceptance, Income Tax

This paper aims to describe Indonesia's border security policy in the Natuna Islands between 2014 and 2020. The state used to play an active role in moderating tensions in the South China Sea, yet paid less attention to its own security while the Natuna was one of the vulnerable borderlines. The rise of domestic interest orientation in the new presidency of Joko Widodo brought about the importance of border security. The research applied the qualitive method with a descriptive analysis. In order to understand the border security policy in the Natuna, the research applied Wendtian constructivist approach suggesting the role of identity and institution to analyze the state's behavior and policy in international politics. The research found that Indonesia increased military and defense capability as the form of its border security policy in the Natuna made up by deploying troops and military equipment, building defense infrastructure, and strengthening constabulary function and boarding patrols. Such border security policy portrays Indonesia's rising awareness as a maritime state amid the perceived regional structure of East Asia.

This article discusses the constructivism approach in describing Indonesia's changing orientation in the North Natuna Sea towards China's claims. In 2013-2014 Natuna was discussed by the central government in Jakarta in economic, cultural, and tourism aspects. In 2015, Natuna was officially reviewed by the Indonesian government from a security perspective. This security perspective is in the context of sovereignty and national security. This article aims to look at the change in Indonesia's direction in positioning the North Natuna Sea after being claimed by China as part of its territory. This article uses the constructivism theory of Alexander Went. Constructivism is a structural theory of the international system which has basic claims: the state is the most principled unit of analysis in international political theory, the key structure in the state system is inter-subjective from matter, and identities and interests are constructed of social structures, formed naturally by themselves. This article shows that Indonesia as an actor in constructivism is able to change its policy orientation through the perception of the challenges faced in the North Natuna Sea. This article uses a qualitative approach with the method of collecting data from a literature study.

This article discusses Indonesia's orientation in the North Natuna Sea in the constructivism. The article aims to look at the change of Indonesia's orientation towards the positioning of North Natuna waters following China's claims as the part of its territories. Indonesia's orientation used to be for economic development activities. However, Indonesia then swifted such orientation to defense and security. The article applied the constructivist theory of Alexander Went. The article applied the qualitative approach whose data collection was through literature study.

The ASEAN's haze-free roadmap 2020 had the objective to eliminate the regional transboundary haze pollution. However, the 2019 haze recurrence which mostly originated from Indonesia's land and forest had caused a diplomatic uproar between Indonesian and Malaysian top government officials. In addition, land and forest fires continued to occur in Indonesia over the last 5 years, albeit with a much lower severity compared to 2015, and did not gain global media attention as the haze rarely crossed out of Indonesia's jurisdiction. This research applies qualitative research method where the data collection is based on semi-structured interviews involving multi-stakeholders in Riau Province. Additional data are also collected from various journals, books, and news from media archival. The finding of this research discloses that several new policies and programs have been created and introduced since the last 5 years provided an early positive start, however, further implementation on the ground has been weak and complicated. Furthermore, previous, current, and future unchanged negligence behavior of government elites and public in Riau towards the land and forest fires has left the post – ASEAN's haze-free roadmap 2020 with an equal or more amount of homework in the future. Thus, Indonesia needs to pay more attention and work in a sustainable manner on this issue, especially at the local level such as in Riau province and other land and forest fire-prone provinces in order to strengthen Indonesia's environmental diplomacy bargaining position in the globe and enlighten the current gloomy image in the future.

This article aims to understand and explain the local context of state's defense toward non-military threats in Indonesia. As the broading and deepening development of security significance, non-traditional security agenda urges multi-levels and multi-sectors synergy especially in the local government because the nature of non-military threats in Indonesia developed at the local level. First, authors review numbers of literatures about non-traditional security, non-military threats and the securitization theory. Second, the article elaborates the strategic environment—global, regional, and national—and threats perception from the perspective of Indonesia's defense posture. After that, the article explains securitization aspects of multi-level and multi-sectors synergy on facing the non-military threats at the local level. The result of this research is the synergy of national development, regional development and national defense development needs to be synchronized with the support of clear regulations, considering the available resources to achieve real community welfare, both in terms of income, employment opportunities, business opportunities, access to policy making, competitiveness, and an increase in the human development index. The strategic relations between stakeholders in the synergy of national defense development is essential to achieve formidable defense. Policy socialization between vertical agencies of ministries/institutions and regional governments needs to be optimized and intensified so that there will be a common perception in the management and implementation of national defense development on dealing with non-military threats.