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TODAY'S CHINESE LEADERS FOLLOW TRADITIONAL STRESS ON QUESTIONS OF FORM AND LANGUAGE. ON THE OTHER HAND THE ROLE OF MARXIST-LENINIST MESSIANISM MUST NOT BE UNDERESTIMATED. THE MATTER WAS, MUCH MORE PRONOUNCED IN THE EARLY YEARS OF THE PEOPLES' REPUBLIC, WHEN MAO CONSIDERED NEUTRALITY A WAY OF DECEIVING THE PEOPLE.

From the UN Security Council and the European Union's Council of Ministers to obscure committees on food labelling or the scheduling of World Fairs, several thousand multilateral conferences are held each year. Why do governments deploy so much effort in these activities? What goes on behind the scenes at these meetings? How are their outcomes determined and what are the real-world consequences? Ronald A. Walker reveals the inner workings of such conferences, the result-oriented strategies that are pursued behind a façade of formal ritual and their impact on the behaviour of sovereign states.

Best practice Female Only Apprenticeship Information Sessions presented into the First Benchmarking Round session within the 2nd face-to-face meeting of the W-STEM ERASMUS + Capacity-building in Higher Education European Project (Ref. 598923-EPP-1-2018-1-ES-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP), which was held in Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla (Colombia), 27-29 November 2019 ; W-STEM (Building the future of Latin America: engaging women into STEM) is a project funded under European Union ERASMUS + Capacity-building in Higher Education Programme (598923-EPP-1-2018-1-ES-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP). The European Commission support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents which reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsi­ble for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

The causes responsible for the state of California's economic, political, & social difficulties are examined. Three factors primarily responsible for California's multifaceted crisis are identified: the effects of statewide depression, especially in Southern California; the problems associated with assimilating large numbers of immigrants into California's economy & social structure; & the loss of effective state government coupled with statewide financial shortages. Attention is subsequently turned toward discussing the problems with California's strategies -- criminalizing the behavior of immigrants & the poor, supporting industrial policies that strongly favor business & free markets, & reorganizing local & state governments -- for overcoming statewide economic, political, & social crisis. It is then contended that the economic, political, & social policies enacted during the tenures of Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, & Pete Wilson have effectively institutionalized counter-revolutionary conservatism & neo-liberalism in California, thus stifling leftist efforts to achieve necessary reform. Even though immigrant & poor groups have started to mobilize throughout the state, it is concluded that the short-term prospects for realizing economic, political, & social reform in California are dim. J. W. Parker

THE ARTICLE IS A REVIEW OF THE POLITICAL FORMS OF MODERN SOCIETY: BUREAUCRACY, DEMOCRACY, TOTALITARIANISM, BY CLAUDE LEFORT. THE BOOK PROVIDES AN INTERESTING INSIGHT INTO THE PERSONAL ODYSSEY OF A CRITICAL MARXIST AND PRACTICING MEMBER OF THE FRENCH LEFT WHO HAS CONSISTENTLY ENDEAVOURED TO CONFRONT BOTH THE SHIBBOLETHS OF THE MARXIST TRADITION AND THE REALITIES OF COMMUNIST (AND TROTSKYIST) PARTY PRACTICE FROM WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF A MARXIST CRITIQUE.