Suchergebnisse

Preface -- Contents -- 1 Three Models of Surrogacy -- Introduction -- The Altruistic Model -- Difficulties with Altruistic Surrogacy -- The Commercial Model -- Commercial Contracts -- Contracts and Parental Rights -- Relinquishment -- Against Commercial Contracts -- The Professional Model -- Professional Norms -- The Structure of the Professional Model -- Licensing -- Registration -- Fees -- Support Services -- Protection for Surrogates -- Intended Parents' Responsibilities -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Exploitation and Commodification -- Introduction -- Exploitation -- Unfair Advantage -- Invalid Consent -- Fair Price -- Taking Advantage of Unfairness -- Mutually Advantageous Exploitation -- Permissible Exploitation -- Fair Compensation -- Being Complicit in Injustice -- Domestic Surrogacy -- Commodification -- What Is Commodification? -- Surrogates as Commodities -- Reproductive Organs as Commodities -- Babies as Commodities -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Altruism and Generosity -- Introduction -- Gifts -- Gift Exchange -- Community Sharing and Market Pricing Relationships -- Moral Obligations in Gift Exchanges -- Surrogacy and Community Sharing -- Kinship and Social Connectedness -- Relational Devaluation -- Gift of Life -- The Tyranny of the Gift -- Altruism -- Altruistic Care -- Descriptive Altruism -- The Costs of the Altruistic Ideal -- Gendering -- Generosity -- Generosity and Self-interest -- Generosity at Work -- Dimensions of Generosity -- Gratitude -- The Functions of Gratitude -- Gratitude and Generosity in the Professional Model -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Trustworthiness and Care -- Introduction -- What Is Trust? -- Calculative Trust -- Relational Trust -- Risk and Uncertainty -- Trustworthiness -- Trust -- The External Environment -- Human Psychology -- Relational Trust in Surrogacy -- Cues

Abstract
In New Zealand, as in the UK, the surrogate is the legal mother of the child until parentage is transferred by the court to the intended parents. Social workers are responsible for assessing the intended parents' suitability to parent and scrutinising the arrangement. However, courts almost invariably transfer parentage, regardless of their recommendations, with the result that social workers experience a significant amount of role ambiguity. We conducted semi-structured interviews with surrogates and intended parents about their experience of surrogacy in New Zealand, focussing on the changes they would like to see in the regulatory framework, particularly with regards to legal parentage and the involvement of social workers in assessing intending parents' suitability to parent. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts showed that role ambiguity and role conflict experienced by social workers have their corollary in the experience of intended parents and surrogates, where it manifests as either fear that the adoption could be declined or uncertainty about the purpose of the social worker's involvement. Although participants recommended that their role be eliminated—along with the adoption process itself—we argue that there is a valuable role for social workers at the beginning of the process.

This book delves deeply into modern surrogacy arrangements, responding to both practical and ethical critiques by offering a radically new model for surrogate motherhood. Current practice distinguishes between two models of surrogacy - the altruistic (unpaid) model and the commercial (paid) model, both of which present social, ethical, and conceptual challenges. This book proposes a novel arrangement for surrogate motherhood - the professional model. Inspired by professions, such as nursing, teaching, and social work, the professional model acknowledges the caring motives that surrogate mothers have while at the same time compensating them for their work. Walker and Van Zyl adopt an evidence-based approach to explain that the professional model enables trust between intended parents and surrogates, provides professional support at every stage of the relationship, affords legal protections against exploitation and commodification, and recognizes the rights and interests of all parties, including the intended baby. The model applies to both transnational and domestic surrogacy and will be of great interest to policy makers, social researchers, bioethicists, legal scholars, fertility professionals, clinicians, and graduate students in psychology, philosophy, medicine and ethics.

Like other sub-Saharan African nations, Nigeria has a relatively high proportion of adults with acquired vision loss. This study investigates the impacts of becoming blind in adulthood and how the use of blind rehabilitation services addresses functional needs, supports activities of daily living, and enhances participation in educational, vocational, and community activities. Adopting a qualitative and interpretative approach, we conducted in-depth interviews with eight adult users of blind rehabilitation services. Three broad themes were identified: (1) psycho-emotional responses to vision loss; (2) impacts on participation in education, employment, and community; and (3) positive impact of blind rehabilitation services. Findings are discussed in the context of the international literature, and suggestions that may enhance the blind rehabilitation services are made.

Purpose
Evidence from Australia and worldwide has highlighted the ongoing marginalisation, discrimination, abuse, violence and neglect of people with disability. One of the main areas of concern is that despite such evidence there remain fundamental barriers for people with disability to report violence and/or access supports. Significantly few studies have canvased the perspectives of people with intellectual disability (ID), family members or disability service providers. Accordingly as a first step, the purpose of this paper is to explore the perceptions of disability and violence-response professionals' regarding the barriers and facilitators of effective support for people with ID reporting sexual violence and accessing mainstream supports.


Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative research design informed the basis of this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven participants who held roles within disability services and mainstream violence response. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. These transcripts were then analysed individually using a combination of thematic analysis and discourse analysis to bring to light the social and material structures within service systems in terms of how they disempower or empower supports for people with ID.


Findings
Participants from both services reported that professionals (particularly those outside the disability sector) lacked awareness of practical ways in which they could support people with ID to report and access services outside of disability-specific services. Participants also felt the capacity for people with ID to have a voice about what happens in the "aftermath" of reporting sexual violence was rarely acknowledged. Participants called for education and development of resources which could guide professional practice across disability and wider violence-response services. Participants saw investment in building interagency relationships across sectors as key to supporting the citizenship of people with ID.


Originality/value
This study suggests that there is a strong need for better community engagement and understanding of the multi-faceted issues surrounding responses to violence concerning people with ID. The findings of this study also outline implications for practice and policy which may be of interest to professionals both within disability and wider violence-response sectors in Australia and internationally.

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about how older parent caregivers from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds experience caring for their family member with intellectual disability into late life.MethodIn‐depth semi‐structured interviews were carried out with N = 19 family caregivers aged 50–91 from ten Italian and four Greek families. The Sociocultural Stress and Coping Model was used as a framework to interpret their experiences.ResultsA number of stressors including the need to make sacrifices, physical and emotional demands, uncertain futures and challenges associated with "the system" were identified. While family members play a key role in providing support, changing values around filial responsibility were evident.DiscussionFurther attention needs to be given to CALD families to address challenges associated with caring for their family member with intellectual disabilities as they age. This study also challenges assumptions that CALD families prefer to keep caring within the family long‐term.

There are significant and enduring inequities in education and employment outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. In taking a 'life-first' approach to service provision the Building Family Opportunities Program (BFO) was able to successfully increase Indigenous Australians' engagement with education and employment in South Australia. The evaluation of the BFO included quantitative administrative and survey data for 110 Indigenous families collected over a three year period, and qualitative data from interviews with 13 Indigenous jobseekers and focus groups with 24 case managers. Quantitative data revealed that similar proportions of Indigenous and non-Indigenous jobseekers achieved positive education/training and employment outcomes as a result of the program. Qualitative data were able to identify the strengths of this program as perceived by Indigenous families and case managers, including the practical and socio-emotional support offered to whole families, using a strengths-based, life-first approach. In the context of broader education and employment disadvantages experienced by Indigenous Australians, these results are significant and illustrate key lessons which can inform future policy and service delivery initiatives aiming to close the gap.