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ABSTRACTHierarchical structures are an important property of all complex systems and play an important role in the decision and policy sciences. The methodology described in this paper provides a systematic and efficient approach to the synthesis of hierarchies, regardless of their size or intricacy. Two applications are briefly discussed, and other applications are suggested.

ABSTRACTCulturally determined norms are seen as guides to the subjective components in the decision process. An understanding of normative elements in choicemaking must therefore begin with an analysis of the culture relevant to the decision. Ways in which the Western twentieth‐century intellectual and cultural climate have influenced the ability of modern managers to make value‐laden decisions are examined. Implications of relativism for management decision making along with the influences of relativistic decision making on organizational health also are discussed.