Suchergebnisse

8 páginas, 4 tablas,4 figuras. ; The fauna of harpacticoid copepods associated with a North Atlantic sublittoral population of Laminaria ochroleuca in Spain was investigated. Copepods belonging to four di¡erent orders, i.e. Harpacticoida, Cyclopoida, Poecilostomatoida and Siphonostomatoida, most of which were harpacticoids belonging to 17 di¡erent families were collected. Because the family Thalestridae was particularly abundant in the samples, its members were identi¢ed down to the species level, totalling 20 species. The copepod fauna was richer and more diverse on holdfasts than on fronds, irrespective of considering the entire harpacticoid assemblage at the family level or just the familyThalestridae at the species level.The e¡ect of these two within-plant microhabitats on the taxonomic composition of the copepod fauna was substantial, with faunal similarity between fronds of plants from di¡erent sampling quadrats being usually higher than that between the frond and the holdfast of the same plant. Thalestridae, Harpacticidae and Tisbidae predominated on the fronds, while Diosaccidae, Ameiridae and Ectinosomatidae predominated on the holdfasts. Among the thalestrids, Parathalestris clausi, Paradactylopodia sp.1, Dactylopusia tisboides, and Dactylopusia vulgaris were common species, with Parathalestris clausi being the most abundant copepod on both fronds and holdfasts. In summary, the fauna of the holdfasts consists mostly of common, eurytopic species, while the fauna of the fronds comprises rare taxa at least within the scope of the study with low total abundances and/or usually occurring in few plants. ; This Study was carried out within the frame of two research projects developed by the Asociacio¤n Cient|¤¢ca de Estudios Marinos and funded by the Marcelino Bot|¤n Foundation. The study was also partially supported with funds of two grants from the Spanish government (MCYT- BMC2002-01228 and BOS 2000-0568, respectively) and a PhD fellowship from the Universidad Complutense of Madrid to N.L. Arroyo. ; Peer reviewed

Abstract
Purpose
In 2012, the UK government announced legislation changes and heightened immigration controls designed to create a 'hostile environment for illegal migration.' We measured changes in psychological distress among people from minoritised ethnic groups compared to White British controls before and throughout the implementation of these policies.

Methods
We used the UK Household Longitudinal Survey to estimate difference-in-difference models for six ethnic groups (Bangladeshi, African, Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani, and White British) in three eras: pre-policy (2009–2012); (2) transition (2012–2016); and (3) ongoing policy (2016–2020). We calculated the adjusted marginal mean psychological distress score at each era using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ).

Results
In the pre-policy era, we found higher psychological distress for the Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Caribbean groups compared to the White British group. We observed patterns consistent with increasing psychological distress during the transition era for the Pakistani and Bangladeshi groups, with further increases in the ongoing era for the Bangladeshi group. Levels of psychological distress the Indian and African groups were similar to the White British group in the pre-policy era and decreased over successive eras. A small decrease was observed in the Caribbean group across policy eras, while levels remained stable in the White British group.

Conclusion
We found evidence that psychological distress increased among Pakistani and Bangladeshi individuals following the introduction of hostile environment policies but did not detect increased distress in other ethnic groups. This finding underscores the importance of disaggregating analyses by ethnic group to capture the distinct experiences.