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One of the keywords in recent space law literature is "new space activities." Do you agree with the use of this term, and what is your understanding of it? Are we really talking about "new" activities or about a "new" space?

Philosophy; Engineering ethics; Energy policy; Energy and state; Economic geography; Renewable energy resources; Sustainable development; Energy systems

Section 1-Introduction -- Chapter 1-Where are we now? justice and energy transitions -- Chapter 2-Ethics without borders-world ethics, comparative philosophy, intercultural ethics for energy transitions -- Section 2-African Philosophy -- Chapter 3-Exploring marginalisation and exclusion in renewable energy development in Africa -- Chapter 4-South Africa's renewable energy independent power producer procurement programme -- Chapter 5-The role of energy technology in quality of life and well being in North Africa -- Section 3-Asian philosophy -- Chapter 6-Chinese energy evaluations -- Chapter 7-Energy ethics and Indian philosophical traditions -- Chapter 8-A question of energy ethics-the creative orthodoxy of Buddhist monks in Mongolia -- Section 4-European ethics -- Chapter 9-Contemporary European approaches to energy ethics -- Chapter 10-Energy ethics in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands -- Section 5-South America -- Chapter 11-Latin American principles and environmental ethics -- Chapter 12-Native Americans and energy development -- Section 6-Theistic traditions -- Chapter 13-(Energy) justice in theistic traditions -- Section 7-Conclusion

In response to the outbreak of COVID-19 that has been sweeping the world, scientists reconstructed the SARS-CoV-2 rapidly using a synthetic genomics platform, in order to accelerate therapeutics and vaccine development. However, given the dual-use nature of this technology, there exists a high biosecurity risk. This paper points out the potential risks of the engineering SARS-CoV-2 virus and puts forward 6 questions to this work. The authors emphasize that the two basic values of safety/security and intellectual freedom of research must be considered evenly. From the perspective of responsible development of biotechnology, this paper calls for a careful assessment to the risks of the technology, replacing risky technologies with safe ones. The risks of publication also need to be strictly assessed. The authors believe, in addition to enhancing the "self-government" and self-discipline of scientists and scientific communities, government supervision must be reinforced, laws and regulations should be improved, and global regulation framework ought to be constructed.