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This article examines how the writers and publicists behind the pioneering radio serial Clara, Lu 'n' Em circulated representations of gendered labor in early prime-time and daytime network radio. Through their satiric impersonations of "syntax-scrambling" midwestern housewives, the careful promotion of the three young stars, and their sale of Super Suds to American housewives, they established gender norms for both the production and the consumption of commercial messages in early radio. The creative team supporting Clara, Lu 'n' Em helped write the script for how broadcasters and sponsors could negotiate economic pressures and cultural concerns about women's paid work in the young medium. By embracing domesticity, the program negotiated the division then developing between prime-time and daytime programming, modeled modern consumer behavior for a mass female audience, and pledged its support for gendered spheres of labor.

As the population ages and the deterioration of pension funds continue, hedging longevity risk is becoming increasingly important in Taiwan. This article analyzes the potential market for issuing longevity bonds to hedge against the longevity risk in Taiwan. Many recent studies have suggested that longevity bond can serve as an effective risk management tool to mitigate the longevity risks. Following the design of the longevity bond proposed by Denuit, Devolder and Godernaiaux (2007), we make an illustration of pricing longevity bond using Lee-Carter model on the basis of the mortality experience in Taiwan. Our results show that the risk premium for issuing a longevity bond in Taiwan is lower than that in the United State. However, in order to measure the longevity risk more precisely and to overcome the potential problems of issuing longevity bonds in Taiwan, the quality of mortality data should be improved and more regulations need to be amended in the near future.

This paper proposes a discrete dynamic programming model to maintain pension contribution in a stable level. By assuming an intertemporal stable contribution rate, we derive an algorithm to calculate the optimal contribution that requires less exogenous information and produces more stable results. Our simulation results further confirm that our model helps pension fund managers to make more stable contributions and further reduce the contribution risk for the defined benefit pension fund than the traditional algorithms do.

How do property liability insurance companies choose their organizational forms and distribution channels? Prior studies have not yet provided a consistent conclusion. In this paper, we propose a reduced form approach to reexamine the relationship between organizational forms and distribution channels in the insurance industry, using cross-sectional data pertaining to U.S. property liability insurance companies in 2004. We adopt a conditional dependence test, which can overcome the sensitivity problem of the structural form setting. The results show that after we control for all explanatory variables, the relationship between organizational forms and distribution channels is conditionally uncorrelated. The result is consistent with Regan and Tzeng (1999), but contradicts the findings of Baranoff and Sager (2003) and Kim et al. (1996).

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish the importance and approaches in securing an organization's legitimacy from the network community of customers, suppliers and manufacturers, including private investors and state‐owned institutions when marketing their products.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents an inductive interpretative approach complimented by action‐based research founded on inquiry and testing.FindingsThe paper finds that the key to legitimacy success involves using legitimacy orientations to demonstrate commitment to the interests of constituents, acquiring legitimacy from them, but concurrently considering the central government's influence on a firm's legitimacy performance.Research limitations/implicationsThe multiple interactions proposed in this paper remain untested and might have to be modified pending further empirical testing and analysis.Practical implicationsIn China's telecommunication market, a company's legitimacy emanates first and foremost from the development and commercialization of innovative and creative technological solutions. This requires good, creative management of technological resource and activity links, connecting the company's technology to network constituents which include local manufacturers, carriers, software developers, investors.Originality/valueThis is the first published paper that examines the proposed interactions among legitimacy orientations, alignments, and performances from a "market‐as‐network" perspective in a dynamic, transitional Chinese telecommunication market.

Section A: tourism plans. 1. Tourism in Singapore: an overview of policies and issues / Brenda S.A. Yeoh ... [et al.] -- 2. Singapore's new economic initiatives and implications for tourism / Linda Low -- 3. Tourism 21 and Singapore's tourism satellite accounts / Christopher Khoo -- 4. Regionalisation as a strategy for Singapore's tourism development / Edmund Tham -- 5. Gateways, hubs and destinations: transportation hierarchies in Southeast Asia / N. Sriram, Alan A. Lew and K. Raguraman -- Section B: tourism resources and infrastructure. 6. Developments in the air transport industry: implications for Singapore tourism / Anthony T.H. Chin -- 7. Modelling competency: an example from the Singaporetourism industry / Chong Chee Leong ... [et al.] -- 8. Effects of the regional financial turmoil on Gazetted hotels in Singapore / Boaz Boon and Lawrence Chin -- 9. The business of pleasure: Singapore as a tourism business centre / T.C. Chang -- 10. Impact of tourism on the retail trade in Singapore: a quantitative assessment / Yong Jong Say -- Section C: tourism products. 11. Theme parks in Singapore / Peggy Teo and Brenda S.A. Yeoh -- 12. The cruise industry of Southeast Asia: Singapore's perspective / Lee Loong Koon and Liow Kim Chee -- 13. Managing beach tourism in Singapore / Wong Poh Poh -- 14. Marketing authenticity in tourism: success and limitations / Karen Chia Hwee Chin -- 15. Convention tourism development in Singapore: a study of the delegates' family members / Victor Seah Teck Siong.