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This paper explores the psychological processes that connect virtual communities to political behavior. Drawing on previous findings in political psychology, I argue that the psychological sense of community may be an important mechanism that dictates people's behavioral responses toward incoming information or mobilization pressure in the online environment. I then discuss the role of different dispositional and situational variables in: a) contributing to the formation of sense of community in the virtual world, and b) serving as potential moderators to influence the strength of virtual sense of community and its subsequent impact on individuals' political behavior. Finally, I consider the methodological approaches that may be used as well as the theoretical implications for future research in this area.

Previous analyses have revealed that since World War II, decisions to use U.S. military force have been more dependent on domestic political factors than on the international environment. This research, however, focuses on the general context of decision making instead of the situational context surrounding presidential decisions to use the U.S. military for policy purposes. The current research frames prior analyses and findings within a rational choice framework of crisis decision making. It assesses the impacts of international and domestic factors on the severity of U.S. responses in international crises from 1954 to 1986. A high expected value for war and "defeats" in previous crises makes the United States more likely to resort to violent crisis responses. Also, U.S. responses are likely to be more severe during high levels of economic "misery," as presidential elections become more proximate and as the president's partisan control over Congress increases.

Assesses the impact of international and domestic factors on US decisions to use military force; based on analysis of 32 foreign policy situations perceived to threaten international war; 1954-86. Some focus on the impact of previous crises, the state of the economy, the proximity of a presidential election, and the president's partisan control over Congress.

The COVID-19 pandemic, a worldwide health and humanitarian crisis, has created unique challenges for citizens, governments, and organizations alike. Business leaders ask 'what is the new normal, post-pandemic?' while industries become more complex and uncertain. Premises sit empty, employees work remotely, and customers possess less disposable income. However bleak, opportunities do exist. Organizations will, however, need to transform. Technology will need to be used to respond to the pandemic, and organizations must re-structure to better function. This paper examines the role that digital technologies can play in responding to pandemics and outlines four classifications of digital technologies for pandemic response. An as-is/to-be pathway analysis is presented using case studies from Chinese enterprises to provide trajectory guidance for moving forward to the new normal. After analysis from an incorporated technology-centric and business model-based framework perspective, six fundamental enterprise strategies are presented that are derived from literature and empirical observations.

Few research studies compare results from self-administered bilingual paper questionnaires
on how the positioning of skip instructions may affect the respondent's ability to follow skip
patterns. Using data from the 2004 and 2005 of the Phase 5 Pregnancy Risk Assessment
Monitoring System (PRAMS) mail survey questionnaire, this paper attempts to fill this gap. We
examined whether the positioning of skip instructions can produce differences in item
nonresponse rates in subsequent items and how results compare between English and
Spanish language questionnaires. These results will be of interest to designers of bilingual
self-administered survey questionnaires in guiding respondents through the intended
navigational path with skip patterns.

In household telephone surveys, a long field period may be required to maximize the response rate and achieve adequate sample sizes. However, long field periods can be problematic when measures of seasonally affected behavior are sought. Surveys of child care use are one example because child care arrangements vary by season. Options include varying the questions posed about school-year and summer arrangements or posing retrospective questions about child care use for the school year only. This article evaluates the bias associated with the use of retrospective questions about school-year child care arrangements in the 1999 National Survey of America's Families. The authors find little evidence of bias and hence recommend that future surveys use the retrospective approach.