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"The energy, water, land and natural resources have been under great pressure to support increasing world population. The availability of fossil energy has been declining worldwide. It is essential to change the global fossil-dependent economy into a sustainable biobased economy. Environmental concern associated with fossil-based energy is another key driver for the emerging bioenergy industry. The bioenergy production from all renewable biological resources such as energy crops, crop residues, forest residues, animal wastes and food processing wastes influence all human activities and environmental sustainability"--

This paper contributes to the tourism–growth literature by applying the new vector autoregressive-based Granger causality test in the presence of instability to reassess the Granger causality between Hong Kong's tourism and economic growth. The results of the traditional and recursive Granger causality test under the VAR framework show that the tourism-led economic growth hypothesis (TLEGH) and the economy-driven tourism growth hypothesis (EDTGH) are both unstable in Hong Kong. The results of the vector autoregressive-based Granger causality test in the presence of instability generally support bidirectional causality between tourism and economic growth. However, the relationship between tourism and economic growth is vulnerable to sudden major political incidents, public health incidents, and financial crises. Among these incidents and crises, political events have long-term effects on the relationship between Hong Kong's tourism and economic growth. In contrast, economic policies, financial crises, and public health emergencies have short-term impacts on the relationship.