Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Concerns About Building a Compact City in Rapid-Growing Yinchuan -- 1.2 Debates of Spatial Planning System and Its Effects -- 1.2.1 A Set of Relationships in the Spatial Planning System -- 1.2.2 Urban Planning and Urban Expansion Control -- 1.2.3 Public-Promoted Programs and Market-Oriented Urban Development -- 1.2.4 Detailed Plans (Local Zoning) and Land Use Pattern -- 1.2.5 Performance of Urban Planning in Post-Reform China -- 1.3 An Integrated Analysis Framework -- References -- 2 The Compact City in a Local Area -- 2.1 Sustainable Urban Development -- 2.2 Main Principles of the Compact City -- 2.2.1 Evolution of Compact City -- 2.2.2 Perspective from the Compact City -- 2.3 Practices to Realize the Compact City -- 2.3.1 Regulatory Tools -- 2.3.2 Fiscal Tools -- References -- 3 Chinese Spatial Planning and Management System -- 3.1 Transformation of the Planning System -- 3.2 Institution and Function of Urban Planning -- 3.2.1 Hierarchy of the Government -- 3.2.2 Two Tiers of Urban Planning -- 3.2.3 Development Control -- 3.3 Summary -- References -- 4 Rapidly Growing Cities in Western China-The Case Study of Yinchuan -- 4.1 Local Conditions -- 4.1.1 Urban Development of Yinchuan City -- 4.1.2 Definition of the Study Area -- 4.1.3 Urban Structure of the Central Urban Area -- 4.2 Terms -- 4.3 Summary -- References -- 5 Urban Planning and Urban Expansion Control -- 5.1 Planning Concepts and Implementation of Specific Zoning -- 5.1.1 Urban Planning in the Planned Economy and Zoning for "Work Units" -- 5.1.2 Urban Planning in the Transition Toward Market Economy and Zoning for Public Projects -- 5.1.3 Transformation of Urban Planning in the Rapid Growth of Market Economy and the Specific Zoning.

AbstractArmed conflict has devastating environmental consequences, adversely impacting critical ecosystems and natural resources. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which has been ongoing since February 2022, has significantly affected Ukrainian wetlands, jeopardising their vital ecosystem services. The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat ('Ramsar Convention'), which focuses on conserving and sustainably using wetlands, thus stands as a valuable tool for addressing environmental emergencies during armed conflict. With both Russia and Ukraine as Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention and their armed conflict causing a negative environmental impact, the effectiveness of the Ramsar Convention during such a conflict is being tested. The centrepiece of this article is a Resolution entitled 'Environmental emergency in Ukraine relating to the damage of its wetlands of international importance (Ramsar Sites) stemming from the Russian Federation's aggression' recently adopted by the Conference of the Contracting Parties to the Ramsar Convention. This article assesses the effectiveness of the mechanisms within the Ramsar Convention and this Resolution in addressing the environmental challenges faced by Ukrainian Ramsar Sites during armed conflict. This case study provides broad insights into the overall challenges to implementing international environmental law treaties in times of armed conflict. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of leveraging the Ramsar Convention and similar environmental agreements to effectively safeguard the natural environment and ecosystems in times of armed conflict.

Most northern Chinese cities have inadequate drainage infrastructures, especially those tertiary cities that were built after World War II. These cities have small to middle size urban area but with high density. They are served by drainage infrastructures which are in the form of canals. These canals were built at the same time as cities with goals of protecting themselves from flooding and transporting stormwater in summer. With the growth and development in the past 80 years, the urban area has become much denser. Many cities have been installing underground pipelines to collect and transport stormwater. Thus the water level of these canals is getting lower and lower and becoming a less important part in drainage infrastructures. Nowadays, these canals are under used most time of the year because the flooding season in northern Chinese cities is only one to two months in summer. During the dry season, these canals only collect and transport small amount of stormwater. They are isolated from city by elevation differences and constructed walls and fences. They are forgotten by residents and city governments because they are no longer fully functional nor aesthetic. What is the future for these canals? Is it the time for transformation of canals both in forms and functions? Another common issue in northern Chinese cities is that residents have no access to natural flowing water in dense urban areas. Because dry season during a year in these cities is long, canal systems are the only large water bodies in urban areas. But they are not appreciated. They are treated as knives cutting cities into pieces. However, in another form, canal systems could be seams in cities. Therefore, the future for canal systems could be creating interaction between stakeholders and water in urban environment. The topic of this thesis is about exploring different design strategies to find a new identity for canal systems and at the same time to meet ecological and social demands of cities. During dry season, canals will be narrow green ways where people have access to flowing water. In different urban context, canals will have different strategies to serve cities. In urban core areas, canals will function as city parks for recreation. In suburban areas, canals will expand to vacant land to collect stormwater from neighborhood. Canals as green way systems could also create more connections between neighborhoods. During flooding season, the canal systems could still protect cities with higher capacity for stormwater. The details of strategies will change depending on cities environments, cultures, histories and etc. This thesis will take Pingdingshan City in northern China as study city.

Innovation ability is an important factor to measure firms' strength and is vital to the long-term development of the enterprises, previous studies have shown that financial position and corporate governance can have effects on corporate innovation, but put little attention on the informal system which may influence on innovation. This article selects religion as one of the informal system and tries to explore the impact of religion on the innovation input and output of enterprises. Using the data of A-sh are listed companies from 2008 to 2015, the empirical results show that there is a significantly positive correlation between religion and innovation inputs and outputs, and this positive correlation between religion and innovation is negatively regulated by the politics and marketization index. The results prove that politics and marketization index are substitution of religion on corporate innovation. In further analysis, the religion is divided into eastern and western parts, the results show that both eastern and western religions can promote corporate innovation, but the promotion effect of western religions is stronger. Negative moderating effect of political and marketization index on the positive correlation between religion and innovation still exists, and basically showing a more forceful inhibitory effect made by western religions on corporate innovation.