This study investigates the impact of state fiscal preemption on local governance structure. Specifically, it focuses on state-imposed tax and expenditure limits (TELs), which constrain local governments' ability to raise property tax revenues. Using a unique data set on millage rates levied by all local governments in Michigan from 2011 to 2017, the study examines how the state-imposed limitation on local property taxable values affects local taxing efforts. The findings show that the assessment limit results in higher taxing power by cities and special districts. It also indicates local residents' preferences to be drivers for the greater taxing efforts.
This paper evaluates the effect of income tax preferences for digital economy enterprises based on the data of digital economy enterprises in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei regions from 2017-2021 (in line with the narrower caliber of the National Bureau of Statistics). The research results show that corporate income tax incentives have a significant impact on R&D investment of digital economy enterprises and provide a better incentive for digital economy enterprises to increase their R&D investment efforts. Tax incentives are heterogeneous in nature of property rights for digital economy enterprises, among which there is a greater promotion for private enterprises. Finally, this paper further expands the study on the factors influencing the innovative capability of enterprises and proposes policy recommendations on the relationship between tax preferences and innovation capability of enterprises based on the empirical results.
In the modern competitive environment/ advertising plays a major role. It helps to establish relationships between human desires and production and/ in so doing, makes possible mass production and mass consumption. Advertising is such an integral part of our everyday life that we sometimes forget its relatively recent origin. Though people have made and exchanged goods and services from time immemorial, it was only in the late nineteenth century that advertising began to foster and to influence these makings and exchanges. Before long, it was a substantial industry in its own right. And from its beginnings, the promotion of goods and services by third parties has been a controversial activity. By taking advantage of the technologies of mass media, advertisers and advertising have been subject increasingly to public suspicion and antipathy. In recent years, this suspicion and antipathy has risen, on occasion, to active distrust and organized opposition. Recently, much has been said about honesty in advertising. In the haze of accusations, three points stand out. It is asserted that advertising lives on implied half-truths, cultivates distortions, and often misleads more than it informs. It is asserted that instead of satisfying real human needs, advertising creates insatiable wants that would not otherwise exist. And it is asserted that advertising wastes the real wealth of an economy by enticing people into purchases injurious to their best interests. In several countries in recent years, persons from outside the advertising industry—from government, from the public at large, or from both—have seriously damaged the effectiveness of advertising as an economic tool. The results to the social environment are a broad misunderstanding of the economic value of advertising and the suspicion of hidden, "sinister" powers at work. The result for the advertising industry are restrictions on the amount of advertising space and time permitted, arbitrary taxes on advertising, or even prohibitions on the use of certain media ...
The article seeks to investigate why the CCP (Chinese Communist Party) launched another campaign against spiritual pollution for the elimination of the rightists in October 1983, why the campaign was quietly cancelled in January 1984 and what was accomplished in this campaign. According to the author, the Chinese leader, Deng Xiaoping, launched the campaign against spiritual pollution in order to consolidate his power and to strengthen party leadership. (DÜI-Sen)
