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The production ?congestion? phenomenon is widespread in reality although few
models nowadays consider its influences. In this study, production congestion
is introduced into an environmental efficiency evaluation model and a new
data envelopment analysis model that considers both production congestion and
undesirable output is established so as to measure environmental efficiency
evaluation effectively. On this basis, we divide technological change into
productive technological change and energy-savings emission reduction
technological change to establish their influences on the congestion
phenomenon. The results show that productive technological change cannot
relieve the degree of congestion while green technology change that
stimulates environmental efficiency improvement can greatly alleviate
situations of congestion.

This paper examines the relationship between organizational justice and work withdrawal in a Chinese context, using the cultural syndrome allocentrism and idiocentrism as moderators. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the proposed model. The results indicate that distributive justice and procedural justice have negative relations with work withdrawal behaviors. Allocentrism and idiocentrism moderates the linkage between procedural justice and work withdrawal. Specifically, perceptions of procedural justice have a negative effect on work withdrawal but this effect is weaker for individuals high on allocentrism and low on idiocentrism. Results indicate that the interacting effects of allocentrism and idiocentrism were not established in the case of distributive justice. This study makes significant theoretical contribution to both cross-cultural management literature and organizational justice literature. It also indicates that cultural orientation should be taken into consideration by managers trying to understand why there might be different reactions from different employees to the same practices and policies in organizations.