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4 Vertical specialization and increasing productive employment: comparing impacts of conventional trade and processing trad ... -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Trade and labor markets -- 4.3 Empirical evidence of the impact of vertically specialized trade policy on the labor market in China -- 4.3.1 Methodology and data -- 4.3.2 Unit root test for stationarity -- 4.3.3 Results of Johansen's cointegration tests -- 4.3.4 The vector error correction model -- 4.3.5 Granger causality tests -- 4.3.6 Impulse response function -- 4.3.7 Variance decomposition -- 4.4 Concluding remarks and policy implications -- Appendix A: Variables grouping -- Appendix B: The results of unit root tests -- Appendix C: Results of cointegration tests -- Appendix D: Results of vector error correction model -- Appendix E: Results of Granger causality tests -- Appendix F: Impulse responses function -- Appendix G: Results of variance decomposition -- 5 Vertical specialization and accelerating poverty reduction: comparing impacts of conventional trade and processing trade ... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Trade and income in the economic literature -- 5.3 Methodology and data -- 5.4 Relation between vertically specialized trade and income in China -- 5.4.1 Unit root test -- 5.4.2 Cointegration test -- 5.4.3 Vector error correction model -- 5.4.4 Granger causality tests -- 5.4.5 Impulse response function -- 5.4.6 Variance decomposition -- 5.5 Concluding remarks and policy implications -- Appendix A: Variables grouping -- Appendix B: The results of unit root tests -- Appendix C: Results of cointegration tests -- Appendix D: Results of vector error correction model -- Appendix E: Results of Granger causality tests -- Appendix F: Impulse response function -- Appendix G: Results of variance decomposition.

The traditional flow of goods from primary production through to manufacturing and consumption has expanded across international borders conterminously with globalization. Vertical specialization (VS) in processing and manufacturing in China has driven export growth. In particular, intra-industry and intra-product trade between China, the US and East Asia has increased China's trade surplus over the long term. Vertical Specialization and Trade Surplus in China aims to measure the level of VS in the Chinese manufacturing industry to provide a more accurate representation of China's trade surplu

The traditional flow of goods from primary production through to manufacturing and consumption has expanded across international borders conterminously with globalization. Vertical specialization (VS) in processing and manufacturing in China has driven export growth. In particular, intra-industry and intra-product trade between China, the US and East Asia has increased China's trade surplus over the long term. Vertical Specialization and Trade Surplus in China aims to measure the level of VS in the Chinese manufacturing industry to provide a more accurate representation of China's trade surplus, and gives empirical analysis on provinces and products with important VS activities in order to assess China's trade value-added. Exploring the vertical division of labour, and foreign direct investment (FDI) driving China's import and export imbalance, the book is divided into eight chapters, each covering an aspect of VS in China. The first chapter outlines the aims and method of the study. Chapter two covers VS trade pattern and trade surplus. Chapter three looks at FDI and the import and export imbalance, and chapter four covers the relationship between VS and import and export of foreign invested enterprises. The fifth chapter considers the causes and prospects for growth in China-US and China-Japan trade. Chapters six and seven give an empirical analysis of VS and trade surplus, and a breakdown of VS per industry in China's provinces. Finally, chapter eight considers rebalancing imports and exports in China. Measures VS across China including the developed provinces based on the newest input-output tablePresents the main provinces and products closely related to VSGives evidence on global VS trade patterns from China's national data.

This paper explores relative strategies of 62 languages and reinterprets the typological factors that influence the selection of relative strategies. On the whole, relative strategies in 62 languages strictly conform with Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (NPAH) and Filler-Gap Domain (FGD). Relative strategies are related to word order and language family/region. Influenced by the Primary Predicate Prominence Principle, SVO languages in Indo-European region prefer to use pronoun strategy for relativizing subject and direct object, while non-Indo-European SVO languages prefer to use gap strategy influenced by FGD. Under the influence of the Primary Predicate Prominence Principle and FGD, the gap strategy is preferred for SOV languages. In addition, relative strategies of Portuguese, Spanish, and Arabic depend on the speaker's intention.

In the minds of ancient people, tombs and burials were where the lives of this world ended and another type of life began. By incorporating the concepts of life found in Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and the widespread belief in ghosts and immortals, burial ceremonies evolved during the Wei and Jin 魏晋 dynasties (220–420) into an integrated and unified notion of burial. The funeral ritual's imaginative and fanciful depictions of the hereafter express sentimental devotion to life and contemplation of death. The burial ceremony and tomb architecture change in accordance with how the concepts of sacrifice and ghosts develop. The features of people's belief in ghosts and immortality are reflected in particular burial practices. The popularity of necromancy burials and ghost marriages during the Middle Ages (third to sixth centuries) bring to light the binary antagonism between the soul and the body in burial, as well as the emphasis on spiritual freedom and physical immortality in the life philosophy.

The article provides a historical digression in the field of ice sports research in the Chinese province of Heilongjiang. The paper presents the main stages of ice sports, reflects the features that influenced the formation of the modern ice sports industry in Heilongjiang Province, and also pays attention to the cooperation of Heilongjiang Province and the Russian Federation in the development of ice sports.

The multicultural characteristics of students belonging to ethnic minorities in China pose challenges for teachers. Teacher competence in dealing with culturally diverse students has been extensively discussed in international scholarship and referenced by Chinese researchers, but there is limited empirical research on how teacher education programmes in China respond to this challenge and theoretical discussions. Based on content analysis on teacher education programmes and syllabuses, as well as expert interviews with four teacher educators at two teacher education institutions, this study investigates how the cultivation of multicultural competence is incorporated into teacher education programmes, and the external forces that shape it. Drawing on international scholarship on teachers' multicultural competence and Cochran-Smith's framework on external forces influencing multicultural teacher education practices, I argue that the cultivation of teachers' multicultural competence for their future work in ethnic minority education is, to a great extent, missing from teacher education programmes. Furthermore, what pre-service teachers' competence covers, and the external forces that influence how teacher education plays out in practice, are influenced and somewhat determined by the large social, economic and political context as well as the agenda for educational reform in China.

Many earlier studies have assessed Chinese poverty using monetary dimensions, but few have considered the time dimension. This research investigates multidimensional poverty in urban China, using data from the 2013 China Household Income Project, from the standpoints of income and time. A logistic regression model was used to estimate the socioeconomic causes of income poverty, time poverty, and income–constrained time poverty. Empirical results obtained from this study reveal that being a paid female worker or a private enterprise employee and bearing the financial burdens of housing and medical care have significant effects on the probability of being time poor. In addition, workers who have low academic achievement, children, and educational loans are particularly prone to suffering income–constrained time poverty. This study contributes to the assessment of severe poverty situations and suggests an increasing need for working time regulations and more support for less-educated workers in urban China.