Suchergebnisse

PurposeThe effective transfer of knowledge within an organization is critical for its sustainable competitive advantage. Based on the norm of reciprocity, it can be concluded that individuals' primary motivation to transfer their treasured knowledge can be summarized as "trust," that is, the individuals trust their selfless transfer behavior can be reciprocated by the recipients in the future.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, a simulation model based on knowledge transfer behavior and reciprocal trust between individuals is built through agent-based modeling and simulation to investigate the factors that influence the efficiency of knowledge transfer within an organization.FindingsExperiments are performed to test the impact of reciprocal trust and organizational structure on the efficiency of knowledge transfer.Originality/valueThe results indicate a significant role of key elements of reciprocal trust and organizational structure, which provides relevant practical guidance for both individuals and organization managers in the context of knowledge transfer.

Abstract
The board of committees governing university endowments often chooses between hiring professionals to run funds and trusting denoting entities with the funds. As usual, sophisticated fund managers can construct a well-diversified investment portfolio; however, their interests may not be aligned with the university. On the other hand, donors have the advantage of assuming full liabilities for losses, but they only have access to risky projects due to their limitations in terms of accessing the available investment universe. This paper develops a theoretical framework in an attempt to explain the distinct endowment management strategy adopted by universities, and particularly their choice of endowment operator identity. Our model can provide supports to the governance activities practiced by university endowments both in developed and developing countries. Furthermore, we show theoretically that current capital control regulations imposed by the developing country's government reduce donations and encourage universities to establish donor-advised endowment funds, in which donors surrender ownership of anything they put in the fund, but retain control over how their money is invested.

Chunzi Nie,1 Zhan Wang,2 Xufeng Liu1 1Department of Military Medical Psychology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China; 2Department of Orthopaedics, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, People's Republic of China Background: Depressive disorder has been proven to be associated with disturbed bone metabolism. However, the effect of depression on fracture healing still lacks evidence. Materials and methods: A rat depressive model was first established by exposing the animals to chronic unpredictable stress, which was assessed using the sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, and open field test. Subsequently, the bone repairing ability was detected by micro-computed tomography and histological analysis of the femoral condyle defect rats with or without depression. To further investigate the potential mechanisms of depression on fracture healing, the osteogenic differentiation and autophagic level were compared between the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) derived from depressive and normal rats. Results: Our results showed that rats with depressive disorder significantly slowed the healing process at 4 and 8 weeks postinjury. Furthermore, the osteogenic potential and autophagy remarkably decreased in BMSCs from the depressive rats, suggesting an inherent relationship between autophagy and osteogenic differentiation. Finally, rapamycin, an autophagic agonist, significantly improved osteogenic differentiation of depressive BMSCs through autophagy activation. Conclusion: The present study indicated that depression had a negative effect on fracture healing with low osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs. Also, autophagy activation in BMSCs offers a novel therapeutic target for depressive patients with poor fracture healing. Keywords: depression, fracture healing, osteoblast differentiation, autophagy, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells