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Disillusion in early seventeenth-century Spain is at once a symptom and a style. In a great writer, such as the Quevedo of Los sueiios, disillusion becomes a total world-view. In common with his contemporaries, he fails to realize the disastrous implications of the trading deficit, economic inflation as a result of importing silver from America, the intellectual stranglehold of the Jesuits, and the peculiar delusions of military supremacy that induce Olivares to rekindle the fires of war in the 'Low Countries. His social awareness is, typically, undeveloped. But he realizes the malaise behind these symptoms, and strives to root out hypocrisy from Spain. To this end he will not allow his voice to be shouted down, using as his principal vehicle for satire the varied phantasmagoria of Los suenos. ; N/A

Surf therapy is an intervention increasingly being utilized to tackle a range of health inequalities for military veterans. While increasing evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of surf therapy, there has been limited exploration of program theoretical explanations as to how it achieves positive outcomes. Theoretical understanding is important as it allows for service optimization, monitoring and further development. The current study utilized a pragmatic qualitative approach to explore theoretical mediators of the outcomes of Jimmy Miller Memorial Foundation (JMMF) surf therapy intervention. JMMF is a California (USA)-based program supporting military veterans facing mental and physical health challenges. Eighteen people who had participated in JMMF interventions (12 males and 6 females; mean age = 42 years; standard deviation = 11 years; range 28-71) were interviewed in depth about their experiences of the surf therapy intervention. Data were analyzed through constant comparative analysis and memo writing in line with pragmatic grounded theory. Two core intervention categories (relating to service delivery) were identified: "Constant challenge tackled at own pace" and "A non-judgmental familial safe space." A further three individual categories (relating to participants) were identified: "Accomplishment," "Respite," and "Social Connections." One contextualized category was identified; "Physical Therapeutic Elements." Furthermore, a culture of "Reframing Failure" pervaded every element of the intervention. The findings demonstrated strong links to self-determination and flow theories which suggest potential theoretical frameworks for better understanding of the constructs that underpin surf therapy. The findings provide empirical evidence as to how best to optimize and expand JMMF service delivery in the US and potentially for surf therapy in wider veteran populations

Objective:University study is often accompanied by a decline in physical activity (PA) levels but can offer the opportunity to promote a lifelong active lifestyle. This review aims to summarize controlled trials of interventions promoting PA among university students, describing the quality of the evidence, effective strategies, and deficiencies in the interventions employed, to provide directions for future research and for practical implementations.Data Source:PubMed, PsychINFO, Cochrane Library, Education Source, and SPORTDiscus.Study Inclusion Criteria:Randomized or nonrandomized controlled trial, describing an intervention to promote PA in university students, where PA was one of the outcomes and results were published in English.Data Extraction:Country, study design, participants' inclusion criteria, participation rate and characteristics, randomization, blinding, theoretical framework, intervention characteristics, participant retention rate and withdrawal reasons, measures employed, data analysis, PA results, and findings regarding PA correlates.Data Synthesis:Data were synthetized considering study characteristics, strategies used, and outcomes.Results:Two thousand five hundred eighty-five articles were identified. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen studies reported an increase in PA levels.Conclusion:Physical Activity promotion interventions should address a range of behavioral determinants. Personalized approaches and PA sessions should be considered in future studies. The high risk of bias of many studies (mainly due to attrition and poor reporting) and missing information about intervention components limit the strength of conclusions about the most effective strategies and the evidence of effectiveness, highlighting the need for further high-quality studies.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I Remote Sensing for Global Drought and Flood Observations -- Chapter 1 Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Remote Sensing of Drought -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. PROGRESS IN REMOTE SENSING OF DRIVERS OF DROUGHT -- 1.3. MULTI-INDICATOR DROUGHT MODELING -- 1.4. DROUGHT AND HEATWAVES FEEDBACKS -- 1.5. REMAINING CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES -- 1.6. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Remote Sensing of Evapotranspiration for Global Drought Monitoring -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ET REMOTE SENSING STUDIES AND ET DATA PRODUCTS -- 2.3. ESTIMATING ET AND MONITORING DROUGHT WITH GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE THERMAL OBSERVATIONS -- 2.4. DROUGHT MONITORING PRODUCT SYSTEM BASED ON ET REMOTE SENSING -- 2.5. COMBINING ET REMOTE SENSING WITH MICROWAVE SOIL MOISTURE DATA FOR DROUGHT MONITORING -- 2.6. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Drought Monitoring Using Reservoir Data Collected via Satellite Remote Sensing -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. DROUGHT MONITORING USING REMOTELY SENSED RESERVOIR DATA -- 3.3. ADOPTING REMOTELY SENSED RESERVOIR DATA TO SUPPORT DROUGHT MODELING APPLICATIONS -- 3.4. FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- 3.5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Automatic Near-Real-Time Flood Mapping from Geostationary Low Earth Orbiting Satellite Observations -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. DATA USED -- 4.3. METHODS -- 4.4. APPLICATIONS -- 4.5. VALIDATION -- 4.6. DISCUSSION -- 4.7. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Global Flood Observation with Multiple Satellites: Applications in Rio Salado (Argentina) and the Eastern Nile Basin -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION: THE STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND NEED FOR GLOBAL SATELLITE FLOOD MAPPING -- 5.2. METHODS FOR GLOBAL FLOOD OBSERVATION.

Climate-related disaster risks pose a threat to sustainable development today and in the future. Major global agendas, such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Sustainable Development Goals, address ways of developing effective management strategies for tackling such risks. Risk management is increasingly focusing on low probability but high impact events, next to the more traditional attention on expected losses. We focus on urban riverine flood risk across 200 countries for today, 2030, and 2080, and develop a risk-threshold approach for identifying whether a country is exposed to risk of extreme events and, if so, when and how much. Furthermore, we apply a risk-layer approach to delineate the kinds of risk reduction or financing instruments that may be needed to manage emerging risks at the national level. Based on these country-level results, we analyze the macroeconomic consequences of setting up a global fund as one international option for coping with floods today and in the future. An additional macroeconomic analysis of different funding schemes for capitalizing the global fund provides insights into linking national risk management efforts with global efforts to manage risks. The global fund could be capitalized according to different equality principles. Our results provide an argument for an equity-based capitalization principle rather than a risk-based one, as the former makes damages at the local level a global responsibility.

Climate-related disaster risks pose a threat to sustainable development today and in the future. Major global agendas, such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and the Sustainable Development Goals, address ways of developing effective management strategies for tackling such risks. Risk management is increasingly focusing on low probability but high impact events, next to the more traditional attention on expected losses. We focus on urban riverine flood risk across 200 countries for today, 2030, and 2080, and develop a risk-threshold approach for identifying whether a country is exposed to risk of extreme events and, if so, when and how much. Furthermore, we apply a risk-layer approach to delineate the kinds of risk reduction or financing instruments that may be needed to manage emerging risks at the national level. Based on these country-level results, we analyze the macroeconomic consequences of setting up a global fund as one international option for coping with floods today and in the future. An additional macroeconomic analysis of different funding schemes for capitalizing the global fund provides insights into linking national risk management efforts with global efforts to manage risks. The global fund could be capitalized according to different equality principles. Our results provide an argument for an equity-based capitalization principle rather than a risk-based one, as the former makes damages at the local level a global responsibility.

Abstract. Floods have negative effects on the reliable operation of
transportation systems. In China alone, floods cause an average of
∼1125 h of railway service disruptions per year. In this
study, we present a simulation framework to analyse the system vulnerability
and risk of the railway system to floods. First, we developed a novel
methodology for generating flood events at both the national and river basin
scale. Based on flood hazard maps of different return periods, independent
flood events are generated using the Monte Carlo sampling method. Combined
with network theory and spatial analysis methods, the resulting event set
provides the basis for national- and provincial-level railway risk
assessments, focusing in particular on train performance loss. Applying this
framework to the Chinese railway system, we show that the system
vulnerability of the Chinese railway system to floods is highly
heterogeneous as a result of spatial variations in the railway topology and
traffic flows. Flood events in the Yangtze River basin show the largest
impact on the national railway system, with approximately 40 % of the
national daily trains being affected by a 100-year flood event in that
basin. At the national level, the average percentage of daily affected
trains and passengers for the national system is approximately 2.7 % of
the total daily number of trips and passengers. The event-based approach
presented in this study shows how we can identify critical hotspots within a
complex network, taking the first steps in developing climate-resilient infrastructure.

Abstract. Over the past decade global flood hazard models have been developed and
continuously improved. There is now a significant demand for testing
global hazard maps generated by these models in order to understand their
applicability for international risk reduction strategies and for
reinsurance portfolio risk assessments using catastrophe models. We expand
on existing methods for comparing global hazard maps and analyse eight global
flood models (GFMs) that represent the current state of the global flood
modelling community. We apply our comparison to China as a case study and,
for the first time, include industry models, pluvial flooding, and flood
protection standards in the analysis. In doing so, we provide new insights
into how these components change the results of this comparison. We find
substantial variability, up to a factor of 4, between the flood hazard maps in
the modelled inundated area and exposed gross domestic product (GDP) across multiple return periods
(ranging from 5 to 1500 years) and in expected annual exposed GDP. The
inclusion of industry models, which currently model flooding at a higher
spatial resolution and which additionally include pluvial flooding,
strongly improves the comparison and provides important new benchmarks. We
find that the addition of pluvial flooding can increase the expected annual
exposed GDP by as much as 1.3 percentage points. Our findings strongly highlight
the importance of flood defences for a realistic risk assessment in
countries like China that are characterized by high concentrations of
exposure. Even an incomplete (1.74 % of the area of China) but locally
detailed layer of structural defences in high-exposure areas reduces the
expected annual exposed GDP to fluvial and pluvial flooding from 4.1 % to 2.8 %.

Abstract. Given the increasing impacts of flooding in Jakarta, methods for assessing current and future flood risk are required. In this paper, we use the Damagescanner-Jakarta risk model to project changes in future river flood risk under scenarios of climate change, land subsidence, and land use change. Damagescanner-Jakarta is a simple flood risk model that estimates flood risk in terms of annual expected damage, based on input maps of flood hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. We estimate baseline flood risk at USD 186 million p.a. Combining all future scenarios, we simulate a median increase in risk of +180 % by 2030. The single driver with the largest contribution to that increase is land subsidence (+126 %). We simulated the impacts of climate change by combining two scenarios of sea level rise with simulations of changes in 1-day extreme precipitation totals from five global climate models (GCMs) forced by the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The results are highly uncertain; the median change in risk due to climate change alone by 2030 is a decrease by −46 %, but we simulate an increase in risk under 12 of the 40 GCM–RCP–sea level rise combinations. Hence, we developed probabilistic risk scenarios to account for this uncertainty. If land use change by 2030 takes places according to the official Jakarta Spatial Plan 2030, risk could be reduced by 12 %. However, if land use change in the future continues at the same rate as the last 30 years, large increases in flood risk will take place. Finally, we discuss the relevance of the results for flood risk management in Jakarta.