Suchergebnisse

Between November 2018 and 2020, residents of New Caledonia will have three opportunities to vote on whether to become an independent state. Residents of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville will vote on the same issue in June 2019. Should the residents of either territory vote for independence, the issue of whether a language shall be designated the national and / or official language for the new state will arise. If the decision is to designate a language for the new state, the choice of which language will also surface. This chapter considers the language choices made by a number of countries across the linguistically diverse Asia Pacific region post-independence and in so doing, provides some models for the language configurations which may eventuate should either territory become independent. The linguistic configurations discussed here are divided into Category 1 - countries where a national and / or official language are legally specified or have de jure legal status. - and Category 2 – countries where no language is legally named but at least one language may be de facto national or official. Examples of Category 1 countries include Indonesia where Bahasa Indonesia is the only de jure national and official language and Vanuatu where Bislama is the de jure national language and is also a de jure co-official language with both English and French, the languages of the former colonial powers. Examples of Category 2 countries discussed here include Papua New Guinea where Tok Pisin is named as one of the possible languages needed for an applicant to become a Papua New Guinean citizen but does not have de jure national language status and the Solomon Islands where Pijin is the de facto national language and English is the de facto official language.
Whilst the results of either the Bougainville and New Caledonian referenda are not clear, the different configurations already in place serve as a pointer to what may eventuate should the residents of either territory vote for independence.

The pre-1941 Japanese population of New Caledonia was decimated by the French administration's decision to transfer most of the Japanese residents to Australia for internment at the outbreak of the Asia-Pacific theatre of the Second World War. Among the men transferred to Australia were ten men who had been formerly French nationals but had lost their French nationality by decree. The French Administration's ability to denationalise and intern and then subsequently repatriate the former-Japanese French-nationals was possible due to changes to the French nationality laws and regulations introduced by the Vichy regime. This paper considers the case of the Japanese who had taken French nationality and were denationalised in the context of the changes to the French nationality laws that, in turn, negatively affected the post-1945 sustainability of the Japanese community in New Caledonia.

This paper examines the Japanese government's changing response to the return of the zanry? fujin to Japan and the gap between the Japanese Government's assumption that the zanry? fujin had chosen to remain in China and the reality of their lives. The zanry? fujin are women aged 13 years and over at the time of the Russian invasion of Manchuria on 9 August 1945 who, for whatever reason, did not undergo repatriation at the end of the war. Due to their age, the zanry? fujin were for a long time subjected to separate government policies in relation to visiting or migrating Japan to the zanry? koji – children who had not yet turned 13 at the time of the invasion. This paper analyses the narratives of the lives of three zanry? fujin in the aftermath of the Russian invasion and shows how many zanry? fujin did not initially have a choice over whether to return to Japan or not.

This paper examines the Japanese government's changing response to the return of the zanry? fujin to Japan and the gap between the Japanese Government's assumption that the zanry? fujin had chosen to remain in China and the reality of their lives. The zanry? fujin are women aged 13 years and over at the time of the Russian invasion of Manchuria on 9 August 1945 who, for whatever reason, did not undergo repatriation at the end of the war. Due to their age, the zanry? fujin were for a long time subjected to separate government policies in relation to visiting or migrating Japan to the zanry? koji – children who had not yet turned 13 at the time of the invasion. This paper analyses the narratives of the lives of three zanry? fujin in the aftermath of the Russian invasion and shows how many zanry? fujin did not initially have a choice over whether to return to Japan or not.

to come

The process of decolonisation has had a profound effect on the structure of the international state system, including in the Asia Pacific. This article surveys the results of the decolonisation of the British, French, Dutch and Japanese Asian and Pacific empires. It also discusses the end of United Nations Trusteeships administered by the United States, Australia and New Zealand, as well as the governmental arrangements of other non-self-governing or dependent territories. With two Pacific territories, Bougainville (November 2019) and New Caledonia (August or September 2020), soon to vote on their political futures, it is timely to note that a process of self-determination does not always result in independence. The article shows that some territories have had their calls for independence ignored, while others enjoy high degrees of autonomy and self-government within nation states. In effect, this article, and the six papers included in this special edition, show that the process of decolonisation in the Asia Pacific has diverse economic, political and social impacts for sovereign states, as well as social and economic implications for individuals, including deportation, resettlement and ongoing struggles for self-determination. As such decolonisation was, is and will continue to be more than a political process.

This special issue of PORTAL Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies emerged from discussions about the need to focus research on the diversity of the Pacific and the sustainability of Pacific peoples and communities for future generations. The issue brings together articles by researchers from Australia and New Caledonia with interests in sustainability from the disciplines of linguistics, cultural studies, social science and history in and across the Pacific region. The papers are drawn primarily from presentations at a symposium on 'Pacific communities acting for sustainability,' held at the University of Wollongong in July 2016, which involved academics from Australia and New Caledonia.

Analyzing gendered occupation power / Christine de Matos and Rowena Ward -- Occupation masculinities : the residues of colonial power in Australian occupied Japan / Christine de Matos -- Encountering national and gendered selves : identity formation of Okinawan students in the United States during the US occupation of Okinawa / Kinuko Maehara Yamazato -- Histories of violence : occupation, resistance and masculinities in Timor Leste / Henri Myrttinen -- Lily pads and leisure meccas : the gendered political economy of post-base and post-9/11 Philippines / Bronwyn Winter -- Chamorro warriors and godmothers meet Uncle Sam : gender, loyalty and resistance to US military occupation in postwar Guam / Miyume Tanji -- The Northern Territory intervention in Australia : a grassroots perspective / Miliwanga Sandy and Kathleen Clapham -- Caught between cultures : how the occupation of Iraq is reinforcing and redefining gender roles / Marcus Schulzke -- The people follow the mullah, and the mullah follows the people : politics of aid and gender in Afghanistan post-2001 / Joyce Wu -- Abu Ghraib : a ghostly story / Stefka Hristova -- The national struggle and women's rights : the case of Palestine / Rose Shomali Musleh -- This garden uprooted : gendered violence, suffering and resistance in Indian-administered Kashmir / Shubh Mathur -- Forced encounters and gendered impacts : past, present and future / Keiko Tamura

The Second World War saw extraordinary movements of people, before, during and afterwards. Civilian internees are rarely considered part of this, and especially not those in South and Southeast Asia. Between December 1941 and May 1946, nearly 2700 Japanese civilians and colonial subjects from across Japan's empire were interned in camps in British India. Mainly residents of Singapore and Malaya, these civilians were arrested and transferred by ship and train to India, where they were interned for all or part of the war. Their first 'temporary' camp was in Purana Qila, the Old Fort in New Delhi, from where some were repatriated to Japan in August 1942 as part of the Anglo-Japanese Civilian Exchange. The remaining civilians were moved to a more permanent camp at Deoli (Ajmer) in 1943. The internees experienced several hardships, including inadequate accommodation and disease. To date, little has been written about these internees and their journeys, especially in English. Weaving together archival sources, internee memoirs and non-English publications, this article seeks to reveal the experience of incarceration on internees in British India as forced migrants of war, and to consider reasons why the history of these internees remains largely invisible.