Suchergebnisse

The study aimed to discuss the characteristic and environmental wisdom of the sacred Cultural Landscape of Catur Angga Batukaru temples in the conservation of natural resources in the regency of Tabanan-Bali. To reveal the research problems, data collection was conducted through observation, in-depth interview, and document study. The collected data were analyzed by the descriptive-qualitative technique. The results showed the structure of cultural landscape of Catur Angga Batukaru Temple consists of five cultural heritages as single vortices (sacred cultural landscape). The Batukaru Temple as a center with two main segments as subordinates, on west side, consists of Muncaksari and Tambawaras Temple, and on east side, consists of Petali and Besi Kalung Temple. Each unit managed by local communities generally comes from the Bali Age people. The management consists of the pengempon's group temple, the institution of traditional villages, and subak's in the surrounding. As a living monument (temple), functioned as a sacred place to invoke safety, agricultural fertility, health, peace, and political stability. Similarly, through myth, ritual, and emission values the sanctity of the magical-religious, its cultural landscape located in the upstream region indirectly contribute very important to the conservation of the natural environment. As well as, the ritual uniqueness and aesthetic architectural values and beauty of the natural environment are so potential to be developed as a tourist attraction. In the modern era, in environmental degradation, it's very important to improve the welfare of local communities and conserving the natural environment in the context of sustainable development in Tabanan-Bali. ; Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas karakteristik dan kearifan lingkungan dari Lanskap Budaya sakral Pura Catur Angga Batukaru dalam konservasi sumber daya alam di Kabupaten Tabanan-Bali. Untuk mengungkap masalah penelitian, pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan studi dokumen. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan teknik deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan struktur lanskap budaya Pura Catur Angga Batukaru terdiri dari lima warisan budaya sebagai pusaran tunggal (lanskap budaya sakral). Pura Batukaru sebagai pusat dengan dua ruas utama sebagai bawahannya, di sisi barat terdiri dari Pura Muncaksari dan Tambawaras, dan di sisi timur terdiri dari Pura Petali dan Besi Kalung. Setiap unit yang dikelola oleh masyarakat lokal umumnya berasal dari masyarakat Bali Age. Pengelolanya terdiri dari kelompok pengempon pura, kelembagaan desa adat, dan subak di sekitarnya. Sebagai monumen hidup (pura), difungsikan sebagai tempat suci untuk memohon keselamatan, kesuburan pertanian, kesehatan, perdamaian, dan stabilitas politik. Demikian pula melalui mitos, ritual, dan nilai emisi kesucian magis-religius, lanskap budayanya yang berada di kawasan hulu secara tidak langsung memberikan kontribusi yang sangat penting bagi kelestarian lingkungan alam. Selain itu, keunikan ritual dan nilai estetika arsitektur serta keindahan lingkungan alam sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai daya tarik wisata. Di era modern, dalam degradasi lingkungan, sangat penting untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat lokal dan melestarikan lingkungan alam dalam rangka pembangunan berkelanjutan di Tabanan-Bali.

Since the emergence of the green revolution in Bali around the 1970s to the present day, in a gradation way emerged a variety of environmental changes and subak culture which is quite apprehensive. Among other things, the destruction of genetic resources, especially local rice varieties, and the emergence of concerns about the possible extinction of local rice varieties. This article aims to explore the meaning of wisdom of mupuk kembang ritual in World Cultural Landscape Catur Angga Batukaru, in the context of conservation of local rice varieties and food sovereignty in Tabanan-Bali. The research was conducted through data collection with observation, in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and literature study. The collected data were analyzed in a descriptive-qualitative manner. The result of the study showed that mupuk kembang ritual usually is held towards the end of the pujawali ceremony on the cultural heritage of Catur Angga Pura Batukaru (Pura Muncaksari, Tambawaras, Besikalung, Pucak Petali, and Pura Batukaru) in Penebel District of Tabanan Regency. The mupuk kembang ritual is performed in the early morning (dawn), at around 04.00 - 06.00, where the holy man (pemangku) in trans condition (kerawuhan) put rice (Sri-Sedhana) rice (manik galih) to his people (bhakta) present in the pujawali ritual. Implicitly the ritual hinted rice (Oryza sativa) as a sacred plant or tree of life (kalpataru) and so that villagers, especially farmers (subak), conserve it, especially local rice varieties to be developed as the main source of life. The mupuk kembang ritual also supports government's development programs in the context of maintaining food sovereignty in Bali.

Ayung river which is stretching along the five regencies constitutes the longes river (68.5 km) in Bali. The river has important roles in term of supplying water needed by localcommunities for subak irrigation system, for local comsumtions, tourism industries and forholding a religius ritual. The study is aimed to identify problems or conflicts which recentlyemerging to utilization of the river basin. The study was preceded by reviewing literatures,field observation, and indept-interview to the key informans. Data collected then bringanalyzed by a qualitative-description techniqueThe results of the study showed, that on line with tourism and demographicaldevelopment in Bali, there are some conflicts of interests have been emerging, including : (1)conflict between a group of farmers or regional government at upstream against middle ordownstream, (2) internal conflicts among tourism business (hotels/restourants and rafting),(3) conflicts between tourism businesses against local communities, and (4) conflicts betweenreal estates (public housing businesses) against subak institutions. In addition to those, thereare also some problems related to convertion of conserved area along the river edges.To coup with the problems/conflicts, integrated management approaches throughestablishing an institutions or forum to watch and to manage the river basin is needed. Themanagement should involve all stakeholders including local communities. All isues relatedto economical, ecological and culture aspects need to be consider in management system ofthe river basin, so that the harmony and sustainable development can be achieved.

Adat and religious values played a significant role in the rise of social movements and people power during the Dutch colonial era which is evident in the dynamics of Bali in particular. For centuries, adat customary traditions had been deeply rooted in Balinese communities and strongly contributed to civilization and culture. However, certain factors, such as social, economic and political disturbances have threatened the stability of Balinese communities and culture. From the local perspective of Bali, this posed a threat against the sovereignty of the kingdom of Bali, was still recognized as an autonomous territory. In light of the above issues, this article used an interdisciplinary approach to historiography in analyzing oral history and textual archives. It is hoped to offer a better understanding of how historical Balinese adat and religious values fostered an increase in social resilience and people power when faced with externally generated disturbances.

Adat and religious values played a significant role in the rise of social movements and people power during the Dutch colonial era which is evident in the dynamics of Bali in particular. For centuries, adat customary traditions had been deeply rooted in Balinese communities and strongly contributed to civilization and culture. However, certain factors, such as social, economic and political disturbances have threatened the stability of Balinese communities and culture. From the local perspective of Bali, this posed a threat against the sovereignty of the kingdom of Bali, was still recognized as an autonomous territory. In light of the above issues, this article used an interdisciplinary approach to historiography in analyzing oral history and textual archives. It is hoped to offer a better understanding of how historical Balinese adat and religious values fostered an increase in social resilience and people power when faced with externally generated disturbances.

The research aims to uncover the potential and management Cultural Landscape PuraBatukaru (Batukaru Temple) as the appeal of ecotourism in Tabanan and Bali in general.The study was conducted by the method of data collection and analysis. The data collectionis done by observation, interview (dept-interview), and literature study. The data wereanalyzed descriptively qualitative.The study showed that Pura Batukaru reserve that has been set by UNESCO as part ofthe World Cultural Landscape of Bali can be classified into Associative Cultural Landscape(Associative Cultural Landscapes). More details, namely the associative cultural landscapenuances of local culture (Bali). Cultural landscape nuances of local culture Bali includesthree main components of the environment (human-nature-god) in the relationship andinteraction interdependence known as Tri Hita Karana.Based on the names of palinggih (shrine), namely Pucak Kedaton / Sang HyangTumuwuh, and figures of other gods), stone shrines (natural stone) and communities tomanage these (community Bali Age / Bali Mula and Jero Kubayan), historically likelyHeritage Pura Batukaru already exist on prehistoric times (Neolithic-Megalithik). Then,when the kingdom's political system (mornachi) introduced by Hindu culture, figures ofkings (royalty) was also honored at the site by building shrines as media for ancestralworship.Cultural Landscape of Pura Batukaru can be classified into Associative CulturalLandscape (Associative Cultural Landscapes), namely the associative cultural landscapenuances of local culture (Bali). Cultural landscape nuances of local culture Bali includesthree main components of the environment (human-nature-god) in the relationship andinteraction interdependence known as Tri Hita Karana.Heritage of Pura Batukaru with its jajar-kumiri network (pecan row) and relationswith Ulun Danu Tamblingan form a sacred area (sacred cultural landscape of Batukaru)and the rituals and myths that exist in it has important value in maintaining and preservingthe natural environment for a variety of purposes and interests of the community andgovernment in development, especially the development of ecotourism in a sustainablemanner in Tabanan and Bali in general.

Sea and coastal areas of Badung Regency, especially Kuta Political District is growing rapidly as atourism area. Increasing community activities created pollution and affected conservation areas, includeKuta Beach.This research aimed to know the positive and negative impacts of community activities of hotels,restaurants, settlement/housing, tradings and services, industries and fisherman. Besides, identificationseawater quality of Kuta Beach on their physical, chemical and microbiological parameters during rainyseasons as well as to find out effort on environment conservation done by government and local communitiesin Kuta Political District.Samples were determined using purposive sampling method collected from three locations at KutaBeach, which then analysed insite and at analytical laboratory. Seawater quality on their physical, chemicaland microbiological parameters ratio was compared with based on standard of seawater quality for marinerecreation according to Decree of the State's Minister Environment Act Number 51 years 2004. The index ofthe population was then calculated to gain the population index. Samples of community activities werecollected using questioner, interview and observation and then analysed by qualitative description method.The result showed that activities at the sea and coastal areas of Kuta Political District had an impactsuch as increase population and job availability, provision of income to Badung Regency and TraditionVillage, environment aesthetics, perception of community, culture and region perform, waste andenvironment sanitation, land use degradation of coastal border, mobility of motorized vehicle and seawaterintrusion. The water quality of Kuta Beach during rainy seasons in February year 2006 exceeded thethreshold level or quality standard such as rubbish, NH3, NO2, NO3, PO4, Cu, Cd, Pb, E. coli and coliform.DO exceeded the minimum limits of seawater quality standard. Whereas, parameters which did not yetexceed the maximum limits namely: temperature, colour, smell, turbidity, TDS, salinity, pH, BOD, COD, fatand oil, fenol, Hg and Fe. The result showed that score of calculation pollution index of Kuta Beachseawater in three research zone, were between 6,46 and 6,77. The effort on environment conservation inKuta Political District had been conducted by local community and government, but long term effort inenvironment conservation is still needed better strategy and actions in an integrated and sustainablemanners.

The research aims to reveal the trens population growth over the 10 years (2002-2012) inTabanan Regency, as well as their impact on the land conversion of subak as well as otherchanges in environmental and cultural aspects of subak. Research conducted through thestages of data collection and data analysis. The technique of data collection was done bythe library research, observation, and structured interviews with questionnaires and indepthinterviews (depth interview).The data collected was analyzed by descriptivequalitativeand quantitative analysis with the help of cross-tables and analysis of satelliteimagery.Resultsof the study showed, the number of inhabitants of TabananRegency in 2012 reached441.900people, consisting of 220. 002-sex guy men and 221.898 women. The livelihoods ofinhabitants,mostly working in the agricultural sector (110.449people) and plantations(45,326people). Based on analysis conducted, it was revealed that within the last 10 years(2002-2012)population growthreached26,10% or = 2.61% per year.The highest growthoccurredin the district of Kediri 5,76%, then followed by district of Baturiti 5.13%, Marga4.05%,and district of Tabanan,3,69%. The lowest population growthoccurredin districtPenebel0.34%, then followed by the district of Kerambitan 0,56% and district of EastSelemadeg0.82%. The population growth seems to be more of a factor caused by migration(peoplecoming) 62,24% (1294 inhabitants) (from the difference in population that comes3293with people out 1999 inhabitants), if compared with population growth naturallyonlyachieve 37,76% (785 inhabitants).Thepopulation growth indirectly affects the occurrence of changes in the environment andcultureof subak. In the past 10 years occurred the shrinking land subak (fields) 672,89 ha,or2.95% of the total area of paddy fields in 2002 (22.842 fare ha). Other environmentaleffects,i.e. reduced water supply and the breakdown in some irrigation farmers, pollutionandthe impact of irrigation channel blockage by garbage plastic and aesthetic degradationofthe environment. Socio-cultural impact of subak, which tendency to the occurrence ofsocialconflict, disruption in the silent ritual of rice fields (penyepian carik) and theabandonment of cultural heritage (pura subak) due to the occurrence of function fields intohousing and tourism facilities.The protection needs to be done to the environment and subak culture through the populationgrowth control with government policy, the formulation of customary law of subak (awigawig),and improve the welfare of farmers through the development of ecotourism that basedonsubak ecosystem.