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Utilization of women as police officers; based on surveys of 281 US cities in 1984 and 1987. Economic, political, institutional, and environmental factors.

This study presents a systematic investigation of the level of job satisfaction among a national cross-section of early labor force participants in the public and private employment sectors in the late 1980s. While the conventional wisdom would suggest that there is a "crisis" in the level of job satisfaction among public sector employees—due to extensive "bureaucrat bashing" and the alienative internal dynamics of working within overly rigid and rule-bound organizations—the findings presented here suggest that public sector employees manifest sig nificantly higher levels of job satisfaction than their private sector counterparts. After control ling for a variety of background, personal, and situational factors, the higher level of public sector job satisfaction remains. The empirical evidence utilized in this study is from the National Longitudinal Survey's Youth Cohort.

Public sector affirmative action programs must contend with recent political and economic trends. Given the conservative political environment which de-emphasizes affirmative action, and given the advent of serious fiscal constraints facing many cities, is it reasonable to expect progress in employment of women in nontraditional roles within municipal governments? This article investigates this question using data gathered from reported surveys of over 280 municipal police departments in major American cities over the period 1978 to 1987. Findings suggest that women may have a long and difficult road ahead for improving their representation in municipal policing.

A general finding of socialization research at U.S. military academies is that it reinforces relatively traditional attitudes and masculine gender role traits of young men. The relative effect of military academy training on the attitudes and orientations of young men and women graduates and nongraduates is assessed, using data from the U.S. Air Force Academy. Although both graduates and nongraduates become more egalitarian about changing gender roles, these changes are not as marked for graduates. Graduates are also more likely to retain more traditional family life-style expectations than those who leave the academy. Nongraduates are more likely to shift away from traditionally masculine and feminine identities than graduates, according to the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Interestingly, among female graduates, the largest number shifted to strictly feminine identities. These findings are discussed in the context of the socialization of women in male-dominated environments.

A general finding of socialization research at US military academies is that training reinforces relatively traditional attitudes & masculine gender role traits of young men. To investigate whether this has changed with the entrance of women into the academies, the attitudes & sex-role orientations of 286 M & F graduates & nongraduates from the first integrated class at the US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colo, are analyzed, using questionnaire & scale data. Results show that both graduates & nongraduates become more egalitarian, but the changes are not as marked for graduates, who are also more likely to retain more traditional family lifestyle expectations. Nongraduates are more likely to shift away from traditionally masculine & feminine identities than graduates, according to the Bem Sex-Role Inventory; among F graduates, the largest number shift to strictly feminine identities. These findings are discussed in the context of the socialization of women in M-dominated environments. 4 Tables. Modified HA

Effect of military academy training on attitudes and orientations of young men and women. Based on data from part of a four-year study of male and female cadets who were members of the first sex-integrated class at the Academy.