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A common view within the pharmaceutical industry is that there is a problem with drug discovery and we should do something about it. There is much sympathy for this from academics, regulators and politicians. In this article I propose that lessons learnt from evolution help identify those factors that favour successful drug discovery. This personal view is influenced by a decade spent reviewing drug development programmes submitted for European regulatory approval. During the prolonged gestation of a new medicine few candidate molecules survive. This process of elimination of many variants and the survival of so few has much in common with evolution, an analogy that encourages discussion of the forces that favour, and those that hinder, successful drug discovery. Imagining a world without vaccines, anaesthetics, contraception and anti-infectives reveals how medicines revolutionized humanity. How to manipulate conditions that favour such discoveries is worth consideration.

Su contenido se adapta a las especificaciones AS y A2 de 2008 para OCR y AQA.Traza la evolución de la crisis de la mitad de los Tudor, desde Enrique VIII a María I, analiza la sucesión de Isabel y su consolidación en el poder, examina las amenazas internas y externas, de carácter político, religioso y militar, a su gobierno, así como los problemas de los últimos años de su reinado. Incluye fechas clave, términos y temas, perfiles biográficos, resúmenes esquemáticos, fuentes literarias y síntesis de los principales debates historiográficos. ; SC ; Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ; GBR

Su contenido se adapta a las especificaciones AS y A2 de 2008 para OCR y AQA.Traza la evolución de la crisis de la mitad de los Tudor, desde Enrique VIII a María I, analiza la sucesión de Isabel y su consolidación en el poder, examina las amenazas internas y externas, de carácter político, religioso y militar, a su gobierno, así como los problemas de los últimos años de su reinado. Incluye fechas clave, términos y temas, perfiles biográficos, resúmenes esquemáticos, fuentes literarias y síntesis de los principales debates historiográficos. ; SC ; Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ; GBR

Abstract. Background: There is limited research investigating the risks for young friends exposed to the suicide of peers. Aims: This study aimed to better understand the impact of suicide bereavement on rural young people. Method: Participants in this a mixed-method study were 18 young people who had been exposed to a friend's suicide and who resided in rural Australia. Quantitative data were analyzed with SPSS and qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Results: Participants reported high levels of depression, anxiety, and alcohol use. Key themes were communication about the death, responses to the death, and coping with the death. Young people identified as close friends with the person who died were at less risk of their own suicidal behavior, but demonstrated increased mental health concerns. More peripheral friends were identified at greater risk of suicide. Limitations: The limitations of the study were the purposeful sampling open to selection bias, lack of randomization, and results from one point in time. Conclusion: These findings support that guidelines and interventions following a youth suicide need to better target both the peripheral friends, owing to their greater suicide risk, and the closer friends, owing to other mental health concerns.

Over the past half century, American children have experienced increasingly unequal childhoods. The goal of this article is to begin to understand the implications of recent trends in social and economic inequalities among children for the future of inequalities in health among adults. The relative importance of many of the causal pathways linking childhood social and economic circumstances to adult health remains underexplored, and we know even less about how these causal pathways have changed over time. I combine a series of original analyses with reviews of relevant literature in a number of fields to inform a discussion of what growing childhood inequalities might mean for future inequalities in adult health. In the end, I argue that there is good reason to suppose that growing inequalities in children's social and economic circumstances will lead to greater heterogeneity in adults' morbidity and mortality.