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AbstractThe author provides a detailed description of diverse Web‐based data collection tools and enumerates their advantages, disadvantages, and logistical challenges. Web‐based data collection can offer cost‐effective, flexible, and timely solutions to many evaluation needs.

Introduction: Britain, empire, and 'openness' to the East -- 'Those islanders' : British orientalisms and the Seven Years' War -- 'Indian details' : fictions of British India, 1774-1789 -- 'All Asia is covered in prisons' : Oriental despotism and British liberty in an age of revolutions -- 'In love with the Gopia' : Sir William Jones and his contemporaries -- 'Imperial dotage' and poetic ornament in romantic orientalist verse narrative -- Cockney translation : Leigh Hunt and Charles Lamb's eastern imaginings -- 'It is otherwise in Asia' : 'character' and improvement in picaresque fiction -- Conclusion: British orientalisms, empire, and improvement.

In clinical trials with exception from informed consent, the Final Rule stipulates that investigators inform and consult with the community. A random-digit-dialing survey of 200 individuals assessed the effectiveness of public disclosure via press releases, notices in local newspapers, local radio and television stations and the host hospital's website, as well as a series of community meetings regarding a pending clinical trial of this kind. Results showed a 10% awareness level of the public trial, which is higher than surveys using convenience samples. Understanding of the nature of the trial was generally poor, while opinions about participating in this type of research were more favorable among individuals aware of the trial. Our findings suggest that adherence to the intent of the Final Rule is dependent on uniform guidelines for what constitute effective public disclosure methods and adequate community awareness and understanding and the use of rigorous sampling methods for evaluation.

Some fundamental concepts in agenda-setting are related to a simple cognitive memory decay process. Accounting for issue obtrusiveness and amounts of prior coverage, predictions for the size of the relationship between declining accumulated television coverage and issue salience are derived. Levels of declining accumulated coverage are estimated by applying an exponential decay function to the prominence of daily television coverage. This function presumably models simple forgetting of coverage that occurs within individual audience members. Three issues (inflation, Iran, and the Soviet Union) were investigated over an 1,826-day period, using the daily prominence of television coverage obtained from television news archives and daily salience of the issues interpolated from monthly archived poll data. The size of the relationship between accumulated coverage and issue salience was found to decrease with the amount of coverage of an issue prior to the beginning of the study period. A new unobtrusive issue (Iran) was found to have the strongest agenda-setting effects and more rapidly declining coverage effects than other issues.

In response to the global debates about advertising standardization, cultural imperialism, convergence and autonomy, we describe changes in the national and international character of advertising messages in Western Europé during growing economic unification between 1953 and 1989. A content analysis of magazine advertisements in France, West Germany, Great Britain and the Netherlands found an increasing tendency over time to show nationality — domestic products use more national symbols and identifiably domestic locations, and foreign products (especially from other EEC nations) use more images and languages to show their foreignness. Surprisingly, there was little use of either pan-European or non-European (such as American) images over time. Relating the advertising content to public opinion about European unification, the limited use of pan-European visuals was related to and preceded changes in public opinion about EEC membership. Public opinion shifts, on the other hand, preceded foreign language use.