Suchergebnisse

Politieke partijen zijn alomtegenwoordig in de Belgische politiek. Ze zijn bepalend voor de regeringsvorming, het (stem)gedrag van hun parlementsleden, de invulling van verkiesbare plaatsen en het standpunt in belangrijke beleidsdossiers. Toch lijken partijen het tegenwoordig erg moeilijk te hebben. Dat blijkt onder meer uit dalende ledenaantallen, lage vertrouwensscores, ontrouwe kiezers en steeds minder actieve partijafdelingen. Dit boek bekijkt de crisis in partijen door de bril van hun leden. Zijn partijleden vandaag nog wel van de partij? In de praktijk taant hun rol, hoewel ze voor partijen formeel van groot belang blijven: ze kiezen de partijvoorzitter, keuren kandidatenlijsten voor parlementsverkiezingen goed, bepalen en wijzigen partijregels, vormen een reservoir aan potentiële kandidaten, zijn ambassadeurs van de partij in verkiezingstijden, staan deels in voor de verkiezingscampagne en geven mee vorm aan de programmapunten van hun partij. Het loont dus wel degelijk de moeite om na te gaan wat er bij hen leeft

Personalization refers to a shift over time in attention and/or power from collective actors to individuals. I focus on personalization in voting behavior, measured by the use of preference voting in flexible list-PR systems. I will argue that in a multi-level context this kind of personalization can take place at different policy levels, which could influence each other. In local elections, voters can be attracted by the mayor and/or other local figureheads, but also by the national party leader and/or national politicians figuring on the local list. Therefore, scholars should not only focus on the number and importance of people to which personalization applies ('person level' of personalization), but also on how processes at one policy level impact on other policy levels ('territorial level' of personalization). By combining literature on intra-party competition and personalization on the one hand, and on electoral patterns in multi-level states on the other, I engage in a conceptual discussion about the nature of personalization. I add empirical evidence to this conceptual discussion by analyzing preference voting patterns in local elections in Flanders (Belgium). As such, we gain more insights in the remarkable decline of preference voting that took place there.

In SURE-Farm, a systems thinking analysis was performed in the systemic behaviour that results from actors' decision on how to use their resources. This has led to the development of 6 key principles for enabling resilience, which should be followed in order to stimulate resilient farming systems. These were presented in Mathijs et al. (2021). In SURE-Farm's case studies, a policy dialogue was initiated in the form of a stakeholder workshop, in order to translate the principles into concrete roadmaps, i.e. sets of actions and strategies to improve the resilience of farming systems. Ideally, this policy dialogue (or roundtable or task force) would be continued after SURE-Farm. In this deliverable, we briefly explain how systems thinking in general and archetype in particular can be used to further continue such policy dialogue (or to implement such policy dialogue beyond SURE-Farm's 11 case studies). ; en; EU; contact: erwin.wauters@ilvo.vlaanderen.be

A contract providing for an exchange of services falls within the concept of public procurement even where the remuneration provided for is limited to the partial reimbursement of the costs incurred in providing the agreed service. A two-stage evaluation of the tenders only during the award phase of the contract is admissible under an open procedure. If the evidence provided by the economic operator is considered sufficient in terms of corrective measures, the economic operator shall not be excluded from the procurement procedure. ; Un contrat prévoyant un échange de prestations relève de la notion de marché public même lorsque la rémunération prévue est limitée au remboursement partiel des frais encourus pour fournir le service convenu. Une évaluation en deux temps des offres au cours de la seule phase d'attribution du marché est admissible dans le cadre d'une procédure ouverte . Si en matière de mesures correctrices, les preuves fournies par l'opérateur économique sont jugées suffisantes, celui-ci n'est pas exclu de la procédure de passation de marché.

Articles 14 and 15 of the Law of 17 June 2013 on the statement of reasons, information and review procedures in respect of public contracts, certain works contracts, supply contracts and services and concessions ('the review law') allow any person who has or has had an interest in obtaining a particular contract or concession and who suffers or risks suffering harm as a result of an alleged infringement to request the review court to suspend or annul the decisions of the contracting authorities. Under Article 24 of the Review Law, the appeal court is the Administrative Litigation Section of the Conseil d'État, where the contracting authority is an authority referred to in Article 14 (1) of the Coordinated Laws on the Council of State and the Judicial Judge where the contracting authority is not an authority referred to in Article 14 (1) of the Coordinated Laws on the Council of State. Thus, the quality of the contracting authority determines the review to which its decisions are subject under public procurement legislation. Is the legal remedy, however, guaranteed in the same way by both review bodies or is it equally effective in both cases? ; Les articles 14 et 15 de la loi du 17 juin 2013 relative à la motivation, à l'information et aux voies de recours en matière de marchés publics, de certains marchés de travaux, de fournitures et de services et de concessions (ci-après la loi recours) permettent à toute personne qui a ou a eu un intérêt à obtenir un marché ou une concession déterminée et qui subit ou risque de subir un préjudice du fait d'une prétendue violation de demander à la juridiction de recours de suspendre ou d'annuler les décisions des autorités adjudicatrices. Aux termes de l'article 24 de la loi recours, la juridiction de recours est la section du contentieux administratif du Conseil d'État, lorsque l'autorité adjudicatrice est une autorité visée à l'article 14, § 1er, des lois coordonnées sur le Conseil d'État et le juge judiciaire lorsque l'autorité adjudicatrice n'est pas une autorité visée à ...

The concept of 'contract' as a bilateral legal act may be invoked against the concept of 'unilateral legal act'. A public authority, like a citizen, concludes several types of contract. Not all are necessarily governed by the same types of rules of law. Consequently, it is important to know the classification of the contract in order to know which rules of law are in force. The above qualification defines the scope of a set of rules of law. ; La notion de "contrat" en tant qu'acte juridique bilatéral peut être opposée à la notion d'"acte juridique unilatéral". Un pouvoir public conclut, à l'instar d'un citoyen, plusieurs types de contrats. Tous ne sont pas forcément régis par les mêmes types de règles de droit. Par conséquent, il est important de connaître la qualification du contrat pour savoir quelles sont les règles du droit en vigueur. La qualification susmentionnée définit le domaine d'application d'un ensemble de règles de droit.

As a reaction to the erosion of political parties, citizens increasingly engage in participation independently from parties (such as boycotts, petitions and street demonstrations). Looking beyond the often-stated contradiction between party membership and these forms of non-institutionalized participation, we tried to determine whether party members participate in non-institutionalized participation as a complement or an alternative to their party membership activities. Based on the relative deprivation and civic voluntarism model, three party variables were selected: activity rate in the party, government status and ideological orientation of the party. The results of our analysis conducted on party members in 22 European countries show that the government status and the ideological position of a party have the largest effects on the propensity to participate in direct action. Activity rate does not have a significant effect, except a positive one for street demonstrations. In sum, direct action is not an alternative for dissatisfied party members, but rather a complement.