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This paper has two central objectives. Generally, its purpose is to trace the trajectory of the fiscal relationships that exist between Canada's two orders of government. In particular, the main focus is on the linkages financing post-secondary education. Towards that end, the paper is structured on a broad canvas in the following manner. First, the concept of federalism is examined, which establishes the theoretical context underpinning the intergovernmental relationships in Canada. Next, the different types of transfers between the federal and provincial government that finance post-secondary education are investigated arguing that the imprecision of these arrangements obscures lines of accountability for post-secondary education as outlined in the constitution. And third, the implications of these arrangements for the provision of educational services are traced in order to suggest that recent developments in the funding regimes are the product of changing federal policy preferences that favour economic efficiency over social cohesion. Overall then, this paper suggests that although post-secondary education is an area of provincial jurisdiction, the fiscal arrangements that finance this area of social policy have altered the nature of its delivery. As such, recent changes to the fundingregimes represent a shift in policy orientation from one previously based on a pan-Canadian universality to a policy more oriented towards individuals and their ability.

The slave and freed slave classes are of the first importance for any study of the social structure of the Roman world in the first and second centuries AD. Among them the emperor's own slaves and freedmen, the Familia Caesaris, deserve special attention: this was the most important in status and the most mobile socially of all the groups in slave-born classes; it also had the greatest continuity of development and the individuals who comprised it can be identified and dated in sufficient numbers for significant statistical comparisons to be made of their family-relationships and occupations. The primary sources for this study are inscriptions - over four thousand of them - mostly sepulchral, brief, stereotyped and undated. One of Professor Weaver's main achievements has been to establish criteria for dating and interpreting this intractable material so that it can yield the social historian reliable statistical information. He shows how the Familia Caesaris differed from other sections of the slave and freedman classes and how even within it there was a considerable degree of social differentiation

AbstractTheories of policy instrument choice have gone through several "generations" as theorists have moved from the analysis of individual instruments to comparative studies of instrument selection and the development of theories of instrument choice within implementation "mixes" or "governance strategies." Current "next generation" theory on policy instruments centers on the question of the optimality of instrument choices. However, empirically assessing the nature of instrument mixes is quite a complex affair, involving considerable methodological difficulties and conceptual ambiguities related to the definition and measurement of policy sector and instruments and their interrelationships. Using materials generated by Canadian governments, this article examines the practical utility and drawbacks of three techniques used in the literature to inventory instruments and identify instrument ecologies and mixes: the conventional "policy domain" approach suggested byBurstein (1991); the "program" approach developed byRose (1988a); and the "legislative" approach used byHosseus and Pal (1997). This article suggests that all three approaches must be used in order to develop even a modest inventory of policy instruments, but that additional problems exist with availability and accessibility of data, both in general and in terms of reconciling materials developed using these different approaches, which makes the analysis of instrument mixes a time‐consuming and expensive affair.

Intro -- EDUCATION TO MEET NEW CHALLENGES IN A NETWORKED SOCIETY -- EDUCATION TO MEET NEW CHALLENGESIN A NETWORKED SOCIETY -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 2: NEW AND CHALLENGING CONTEXT -- LEARNING, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY -- WHERE WE STAND IN SCIENCE, EDUCATION AND LEARNING -- THE NEED FOR TRANSITIONS -- "GLOBALIZATION" AS A KEY ELEMENT OF CONTEXT -- Chapter 3: NEW NEEDS IN SCIENCE, EDUCATION AND LEARNING -- A MULTI-DIMENSIONAL, MULTI-SCALE DEVELOPMENT "SYSTEM" -- COMPLEXITY -- SCIENTIFIC CULTURE AND ORGANIZATION -- UNCERTAINTY -- ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT -- COMMUNICATION AT THE SCIENCE-POLICY- SOCIETY INTERFACE -- Chapter 4: TRANSITIONS AND SUPPORTING COMPETENCES -- GOAL-ORIENTED TRANSITIONS -- TRANSITIONS AND SOCIAL LEARNING -- COMPETENCE FOR TRANSITION -- Chapter 5: MODES OF CAPACITY AND COMPETENCE BUILDING -- CAPACITY BUILDING BY EDUCATION -- EDUCATION, LEARNING, UNDERSTANDING,KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS -- LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS -- ICT AND THE INNOVATION OF LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS -- Chapter 6: PIONEERING EXAMPLES: SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -- EVALUATING SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -- EVIDENCE-BASED EVALUATION -- GOOD PRACTICE IN SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -- Chapter 7: PIONEERING EXAMPLES:HIGHER EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -- THE DUTCH NETWORK FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION (DHO) -- THE DUTCH OPEN UNIVERSITY -- REGIONAL CENTERS OF EXPERTISE -- KISSZ - " KNOWLEDGE IN SYNERGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE ZUID HOLLAND" -- Chapter 8: PERSPECTIVES FOR FUTURE LEARNING -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page.

Aging is continuously depicted as a force majeure event despite clear and robust premonitions of its coming. However, such depiction serves to justify the unpreparedness and inadequacy of policies manifesting in loneliness and isolation, unsatisfied demands in health and social care, lack of suitably inclusive residential and social facilities, and inequitable access to support and services. Recent years have seen an increase in social innovation that involves alternative transaction models, such as time-banks and circular economies. These initiatives represent collective responses to changes and challenges such as aging by identifying and innovatively capturing and exchanging locally- and freely- available assets with the intent to fulfill economic needs (more affordable goods and services), social ambitions (skills development and exchange, repurposing space, social inclusion, and cohesion) environmental aspirations (up-cycle) and psychological needs (sense of purpose, identity, belonging, recognition). Whilst it is often assumed that ad hoc measures are appropriate to resolve the challenges posed by an aging demographic, the learnt assumption that underpins this work is that aging is a systemic issue and ought to be understood, and resolved, in its context, not by producing niche- relevant policy and interventions, but considering the impacts it has on the whole society. Henceforth it is proposed that truly transformative social innovation for the aging population must consider and resolve the challenges of communities as these are where older adults can stay relevant socially and, in the presented approach, also economically. Through the review of four international case studies, a framework with four cornerstones has emerged. This includes the changing role of local and central governments, the models of value creation, co-creation mechanisms, and finally, technology, especially digital social currency. The concurrent presence of the four factors in the framework is not always a requirement for social ...

Aging is continuously depicted as a force majeure event despite clear and robust premonitions of its coming. However, such depiction serves to justify the unpreparedness and inadequacy of policies manifesting in loneliness and isolation, unsatisfied demands in health and social care, lack of suitably inclusive residential and social facilities, and inequitable access to support and services. Recent years have seen an increase in social innovation that involves alternative transaction models, such as time-banks and circular economies. These initiatives represent collective responses to changes and challenges such as aging by identifying and innovatively capturing and exchanging locally- and freely- available assets with the intent to fulfill economic needs (more affordable goods and services), social ambitions (skills development and exchange, repurposing space, social inclusion, and cohesion) environmental aspirations (up-cycle) and psychological needs (sense of purpose, identity, belonging, recognition). Whilst it is often assumed that ad hoc measures are appropriate to resolve the challenges posed by an aging demographic, the learnt assumption that underpins this work is that aging is a systemic issue and ought to be understood, and resolved, in its context, not by producing niche- relevant policy and interventions, but considering the impacts it has on the whole society. Henceforth it is proposed that truly transformative social innovation for the aging population must consider and resolve the challenges of communities as these are where older adults can stay relevant socially and, in the presented approach, also economically. Through the review of four international case studies, a framework with four cornerstones has emerged. This includes the changing role of local and central governments, the models of value creation, co-creation mechanisms, and finally, technology, especially digital social currency. The concurrent presence of the four factors in the framework is not always a requirement for social ...