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Cities matter. They are often the sites in which the helping hand and the clenched fist of the state makes first contact with the citizen. They are engines of national economic growth and, often, the source of political movements that become national and transnational in scope. Yet, the theoretical tools available to study change at the urban level are limited. This article seeks to address this shortcoming by offering a new account of urban political development. I argue that urban political development is driven by the impact of multiple political orders. My aim is to highlight three apparently contradictory patterns of urban political development: the imposition of urban austerity measures, the rise of the urban carceral state, and the emergence of progressive economic policymaking, such as local minimum wage ordinances. I suggest that these shifts reflect underlying operation and competition among neoliberal, conservative and egalitarian political orders respectively.

With the onset of the Great Recession, it looked for a moment that neoliberalism had become vulnerable to challenges from the urban level. Yet, it appears that the neoliberal ideas, institutions, and policy frameworks continue to dominate urban governance. As such, there remains a need to develop interpretive frames through which to examine the construction and reproduction of urban neoliberalism. This article seeks to provide a historically grounded account of urban neoliberalization, which pays specific attention to how neoliberalism has been constructed ideologically, politically, and institutionally. Through a comparison of cases in the United Kingdom and the United States, I suggest that the respective alignment of ideas, institutions, and interests accounts for "the pace, extent, and character" of urban neoliberalization. I argue that the variation in the manner of urban neoliberalization may be captured through two key mechanisms: neoliberalism by design and neoliberalism by default.

Preface. Urban political development and the politics of ideas / Robert Henry Cox and Daniel Béland -- Chapter 1. Ideas, interests, institutions, and urban political development / Richardson Dilworth and Timothy P. R. Weaver -- Chapter 2. How policy paradigms change : lessons from Chicago's urban renewal program / Joel Rast -- Chapter 3. The idea of blight in Baltimore / Sally Ford Lawton -- Chapter 4. How ideas stopped an expressway in Philadelphia / Marcus Anthony Hunter -- Chapter 5. Manufacturing decline : the conservative construction of urban crisis in Detroit / Jason Hackworth -- Chapter 6. The neoliberal city and the racial idea / Lester K. Spence -- Chapter 7. Contested conceptions of pluralism between cities and Congress over national civil rights legislation / Thomas Ogorzalek -- Chapter 8. Ideas in US education policy : reform, localism, and immigrant youths / Douglas S. Reed -- Chapter 9. Ideas, institutions, intercurrence, and the Community Reinvestment Act / Amy Widestrom -- Chapter 10. Immigrant identities and integration in the United States and Canada / Mara Sidney -- Chapter 11. "Trying out our ideas" : enterprise zones in the United States and the United Kingdom / Timothy P. R. Weaver -- Chapter 12. Ideas, framing, and interests in urban contention : the case of Santiago, Chile / Eleonora Pasotti -- Chapter 13. Ideas, politics, and urban development in China / William Hurst -- Chapter 14. Politics of dwelling : divergent ideas of home in Kolkata / Debjani Bhattacharyya -- Chapter 15. Policy mobility and urban fantasies : the case of African cities / Vanessa Watson.