Suchergebnisse

This essay provides a fresh view on early history of the botanical garden in Buitenzorg by zooming in on the activities of the gardens' first and second directors: Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt and Carl Ludwig Blume. In particular under Blume's aegis the garden was under constant threat which eventually led to the temporary closure of the garden in 1826. The essay conceptualizes the garden as a provisional niche, in which collectors, gardeners, merchants, administrators, and plant experts with diverse socio-economic backgrounds and networks came together to negotiate the relationship between botany and imperial politics. Taken together this essay argues that plant science and the garden's institutional development need to be analyzed as part of a much wider history of colonial management and agricultural exploitation.

In the years after its foundation in 1814, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands witnessed the emergence of several new sites where natural history—the study of naming, describing and classifying plants, animals and minerals—was carried out. These new sites, such as the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (National Museum for Natural History), founded in 1820, the Rijksherbarium (National Herbarium) and the colonial site Nederlands-Indië (Netherlands Indies) had not existed in that form and in that combination before. The Rijksmuseum and the Rijksherbarium, established in Brussels in 1829, were the first national and fully state-funded natural historical institutions in the Dutch kingdom. In the course of the nineteenth century, both institutions rapidly developed into well-known centres for natural historical research in Europe. Significant parts of their collections derived from the Malay Archipelago, a region the Dutch kingdom regained from the British for strategic reasons in 1814. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Malay Archipelago, which had remained a terra incognita to European naturalists and colonial administrators, witnessed an unprecedented run on its natural wealth—initiated and propelled by both the emerging Dutch colonial state and the natural historical institutions in the Netherlands.

Contributors to this theme issue examine the history of the life sciences at the Botanical Gardens in Bogor (Kebun Raya Bogor) in Indonesia. Each of the essays in this theme issue focusses on a major transformation that the garden, its networks, and staff underwent in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Before summarizing individual contributions, this introductory essay familiarizes readers with more recent scholarship in the field. Taken together, the essays in our theme issue suggest that the practice of the life sciences at the Gardens can be best analyzed as the outcome of historical processes of coordination and competition in which different disciplines, communities, and networks not only in insular Southeast Asia but also other parts of the world played a formative role.

In 2005, Switzerland harmonised its law on chemicals with the related EU law on chemicals by bringing the Chemicals Act and the PARCHEM ordinances into force. Unless this law on chemicals is revised again, both at act and at ordinance level, Swiss regulations will again differ from those of the EU in important respects. The question therefore arises of whether and to what extent the Swiss legislation on chemicals should be adapted to REACH. In this article, we consider the need for REACH in order to resolve the existing chemicals issue, the contribution of the new regulations to the protection of the environment, the relationship between the new EU regulation and the existing Swiss legislation and how the possibility of collaboration with the European Chemicals Agency could influence the Swiss adaptation process.

Die Dauer des Sozialhilfebezugs in Bremen wird untersucht. Zwei Kohorten über neue Sozialhilfeempfänger aus den Jahren 1983 und 1989 werden verglichen, um die Auswirkungen sozialer Veränderungen auf den Sozialhilfebezug zu ermitteln. In den Achtziger Jahren ist Sozialhilfebezug für die meisten Menschen nur eine kurzfriste Erfahrung, es gibt jedoch viele Risiken, ein Sozialhilfeempfänger zu werden. In den Neunzigern ist die Dauer des Sozialhilfebezugs nicht gewachsen. Tatsächlich ist die gesamte Zeitdauer des Bezugs gesunken, was auf die unterschiedliche Zusammensetzung der Kohorten zurückzuführen ist. Das Sozialhilferisiko ist für alte Menschen gesunken, Sozialhilfeempfänger mit kleinen Kindern, alleinstehende Frauen sowie Jugendliche haben jedoch größere Probleme, den Ausstieg aus der Sozialhilfe zu schaffen. (prg).