Suchergebnisse

Der folgende Aufsatz befasst sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen der privaten bzw. öffentlichen Finanzierung von Bildung und Bildungsrenditen. Dazu wird in einem ersten Teil ein kurzer Einblick in die Grundlagen der Humankapitaltheorie vermittelt, wobei die Konzepte von privaten, fiskalischen und öffentlichen Bildungsrenditen erläutert werden. In einem zweiten Teil wird der theoretische Zusammenhang zwischen Bildungsfinanzierung und Bildungsrenditen dargestellt. Dabei werden sowohl komparativ-statische als auch dynamische Überlegungen gemacht. In Teil drei werden Schätzungen privater, fiskalischer und sozialer Bildungsrenditen für Männer in der Schweiz präsentiert. Anhand dieser Daten wird illustriert, welche Wirkung eine vollständige Privatisierung bzw. eine vollständig öffentlichen Finanzierung direkter Bildungskosten auf Bildungsrenditen hätte (komparativ-statische Überlegungen). Dynamische Auswirkungen solcher Politikänderungen werden anhand internationaler, empirischer Erkenntnisse eingeschätzt. Der Aufsatz schliesst mit Schlussfolgerungen sowie einem Überblick über laufende und einem Ausblick auf neue Forschungsfelder. (DIPF/Orig.) ; The article deals with the various links between public or private funding and rates of return to education (RRE). In a first section the notion of human capital theory as well as the notions of private, social and fiscal RRE's are defined. The second part is devoted to exploring the interaction between financing modes and RRE's in a comparative-static as well as in a dynamic setting. In the third part estimates of private, fiscal and social RRE's are presented for the case of men in Switzerland. On the basis of these results - with mixed public and private funding – the impact of a totally public and private funding of direct educational costs on RRE's is simulated in a comparative-static manner. An estimate on dynamic reactions is made with the help of international empirical results. The article ends with conclusions on new directions to take to further investigate the relationship between financing modes and RRE's. (DIPF/Orig.)

Ob Soul in Deutschland, progressive Landdiskotheken in der Provinz oder neue Mixingkonzepte im Loudness War - das Spektrum der Aneignungsformen populärer Musik ist vielfältig. Für die musikwissenschaftliche, kulturwissenschaftliche und musikpädagogische Forschung ist das Thema, das sich weitgehend außerhalb formaler Bildungskontexte abspielt, ein bislang unerschlossenes Gebiet. Der Band ändert dies. Er versammelt theoretische Perspektiven sowie historische und aktuelle Fallbeispiele und spiegelt den aktuellen internationalen Diskussionsstand wider. Daraus ergeben sich maßgebende Impulse für weiterführende Forschungsaktivitäten auch in verwandten Fachdisziplinen.

Objective To evaluate, under replicable, blinded and standardised conditions, the effect of acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia (HH) (equivalent to 200 or 3000 or 5000 m above sea level (asl)) on selected cognitive domains and physiological parameters in personnel of helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS). Methods We conducted a randomized clinical trial using a single-blind crossover design in an environmental chamber ( terraXcube) to induce HH in 48 HEMS personnel. Participants performed cognitive tests (CT) before the ascent, after 5 min at altitude, and after simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation (SCR). CT evaluated: sustained attention using the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) that included measurement of reaction time (RT); risky decision making using the balloon analogue risk task (BART), and attention and speed of processing using the digit symbol substitution test (DSST). CT performance was subjectively rated with a visual analogue scale (VAS). Physiological data were recorded with a physiological monitoring system. Data were analysed using a linear mixed model and correlation analysis. Results Mean reaction time was significantly slower ( p = 0.002) at HH (5000 m asl), but there were no independent effects of HH on the other parameters of the PVT, BART or DSST. Participants did not detect subjectively the slower RT at altitude since VAS performance results showed a positive correlation with mean RT ( p = 0.009). DSST results significantly improved ( p = 0.001) after SCR. Conclusion Acute exposure of HEMS personnel to HH induced a slower RT but no changes in any other investigated measures of cognition. The reduced RT was not detected subjectively by the participants. Trial number 3489044136, ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration.

Exposure to allergens is pivotal in determining sensitization and allergic symptoms in individuals. Pollen grain counts in ambient air have traditionally been assessed to estimate airborne allergen exposure. However, the exact allergen content of ambient air is unknown. We therefore monitored atmospheric concentrations of birch pollen grains and the matched major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 simultaneously across Europe within the EU-funded project HIALINE (Health Impacts of Airborne Allergen Information Network). Pollen count was assessed with Hirst type pollen traps at 10 I min(-1) at sites in France, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy and Finland. Allergen concentrations in ambient air were sampled at 800 I min(-1) with a Chemvol (R) high-volume cascade impactor equipped with stages PM > 10 mu m, 10 mu m > PM > 2.5 mu m, and in Germany also 2.5 mu m > PM > 0.12 mu m. The major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 was determined with an allergen specific ELISA. Bet v 1 isoform patterns were analyzed by 2D-SDS-PAGE blots and mass spectrometric identification. Basophil activation was tested in an FC epsilon R1-humanized rat basophil cell line passively sensitized with serum of a birch pollen symptomatic patient. Compared to 10 previous years, 2009 was a representative birch pollen season for all stations. About 90% of the allergen was found in the PM > 10 mu m fraction at all stations. Bet v 1 isoforms pattern did not vary substantially neither during ripening of pollen nor between different geographical locations. The average European allergen release from birch pollen was 3.2 pg Bet v 1/pollen and did not vary much between the European countries. However, in all countries a >10-fold difference in daily allergen release per pollen was measured which could be explained by long-range transport of pollen with a deviating allergen release. Basophil activation by ambient air extracts correlated better with airborne allergen than with pollen concentration. Although Bet v 1 is a mixture of different isoforms, its fingerprint is constant across Europe. Bet v 1 was also exclusively linked to pollen. Pollen from different days varied >10-fold in allergen release. Thus exposure to allergen is inaccurately monitored by only monitoring birch pollen grains. Indeed, a humanized basophil activation test correlated much better with allergen concentrations in ambient air than with pollen count. Monitoring the allergens themselves together with pollen in ambient air might be an improvement in allergen exposure assessment. ; European Commission ; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education