Suchergebnisse

Das Rauchen von Wasserpfeifen (Shishas) wird immer beliebter. Doch besonders in der Winterzeit steigt auch die Anzahl von Kohlenmonoxidvergiftungen (CO-Vergiftungen) in Shisha-Bars. Vergiftungsursache ist vor allem die zu große Anzahl gleichzeitig gerauchter Shishas bei unzureichender Lüftung der Gasträume. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Berufsgenossenschaft Nahrungsmittel und Gastgewerbe (BGN) die CO-Emission einer Shisha in einem Wintergarten ermittelt und daraus einen Frischluftbedarf von 130 m³ pro Shisha pro Stunde abgeleitet, um so den Arbeitsplatzgrenzwert (AGW) von CO einzuhalten. In weiteren Versuchen ermittelte man die CO-Emission der Kohle beim Anzündvorgang oder bei der Bevorratung der glühenden Kohle. Außerdem wurde die Emission von polycyclischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) und Feuchthaltemitteln messtechnisch bestimmt. Im Ergebnis zeigen spezielle Aufsätze für den Shisha-Kopf erhebliches Potenzial zur Minimierung der CO-Emission.

Health political background Methadone substitution treatment in Germany is introduced in 1988 in the framework of a scientific pilot study in North Rhein Westphalia. Recent statistics show that by now a broad offer of substitution treatment exists. From 1 June 2002 to 31 December 2003 113,000 substitution treatments have been recorded as being started of which around 56,000 have been recorded as ongoing treatments by 1 December 2003. Scientific background Substitution treatment (treatment of opioid-dependent persons using substitution substances) is one part of addiction treatment. Its goals are harm reduction and the stabilisation of opioid dependent persons. Integration of opioid-dependent persons in a treatment-setting, reduction of consumption of psychoactive substances, reduction of risk behaviour (primarily related to infectious diseases), decrease of mortality and improvements concerning the social, psychic and physic situation are seen as a success of substitution treatment as maintenance therapy. Research questions The aim of this HTA report is to investigate which indicators can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of substitution treatment. Based on these indicators an evaluation of the medical, social and economical benefit of substitution treatment - also in relation to abstinence oriented treatment - is carried out. Methods A systematic literature search was performed in 31 international databases which yielded 2451 articles with publication date between 1995 and February 2005. Results After a twofold selection process 32 publications were included for assessment and 276 publications were used as background literature. Despite serious restrictions due to selection bias and dropout in most studies focusing on substitution treatment, reduction of consumption of illegal opioids, reduction of risk behaviour, criminal behaviour, mortality and incidence of HIV can be seen as an empirically proven success of substitution treatment. Concerning the improvement of life and health situation the results of ...