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This paper summarizes applicable theory and data from simulation experiments on the directional control of automobiles subjected to crosswind gust disturbances. Measured driver/vehicle describing functions for several subjects and replications are presented and interpreted. It is shown that the driver's steering outputs can be explained as functions of lateral position and heading, although alternate interpretations involving path-angle and path-rate feedbacks are considered. The results demonstrate that driver/vehicle response properties can be modeled and measured for a class of important closed-loop driving tasks. They provide further direct experimental verification of the applicability of driver/vehicle theory to situations where the driver obtains his information from a real-world visual simulation.

The dynamic control properties of drivers and driver/vehicle systems in steering operations have been widely investigated. This paper presents a short review of the combined compensatory, pursuit, and precognitive features needed to describe the total properties of the driver as a controller. Specific combinations of these features are associated with particular driving maneuvers. Some recent results are presented to confirm previous hypotheses and more completely quantify the models. The driver-organized system structure for regulation control is reviewed with emphasis on the loops closed and adjustments made by the driver in compensating for vehicle dynamic changes. Pursuit structures are given which describe steering control with preview and as one explanation for lane change maneuvers. Precognitive behavior is then presented as the most skilled mode utilized in rapid lane changes and other well-practiced maneuvers including obstacle avoidance. For all three categories of control, full-scale or simulator data are presented as indications of model verification.