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OVER A DECADE HAS PASSED SINCE RICHARD WOLLHEIM PRESENTED "A PARADOX IN THE THEORY OF DEMOCRACY". WHILE THE LITERATURE THAT HAS GROWN UP AROUND THIS PROBLEM HAS CERTAINLY NOT BEEN TOTALLY UNPRODUCTIVE, A GOOD DEAL OF FURTHER CLARIFICATION NEEDED.

Negative age-related stereotypes often entail the perception that older adults have low social status, a perception that is detrimental to health and well-being. Research suggests that people infer general assumptions about group characteristics from exemplars. Thus, presenting a stereotype-inconsistent exemplar (i.e. older person in high-status position) should change people's perception of older adults. In Study 1 (60 countries, N = 86,026, 18–99 years) we show that in countries with an older political leader, people perceive older adults as having higher social status (B = -0.05, p < .001). In Study 2 (N = 131; 19–74 years) we demonstrate the causal link such that participants who are exposed to older exemplars holding a prestigious occupational position rate older adults as having a higher social status F(1.84, 237.33) = 3.57, p = .03. Furthermore, this is mediated by agency-related personality attributions. We discuss implications for interventions to change negative views of aging.

An internet survey and follow-up mail survey were conducted in order to (a) determine New Mexico state legislators' preferred sources for information when making decisions about healthcare policies and to (b) assess the state legislators' attitudes toward e-mail more generally. Legislators were found to privilege expert colleagues and constituents over mass media as healthcare policy information sources; additionally, face-to-face encounters with constituents were preferred over e-mail, although respondents largely felt positive about using e-mail with both constituents and colleagues. These preferences regarding information sourcing and delivery indicate that public relations practitioners' (PRPs) continuing tendency to communicate with state legislators using traditional media-centric methods are problematic. Results suggest legislators could be reached with greater effect if PRPs were to supplement their use of mass media channels with more personal, symmetrical relationship management strategies.

Cette note est la 2e d'une série de 3 sur la prévention dans les PME. Après une approche bibliographique (Note scientifique et technique n° 134), le présent rapport décrit une enquête menée sur une centaine de PME. La première partie expose la démarche de conception de l'étude. Elle s'adresse au lecteur intéressé non seulement par les résultats de l'enquête, mais aussi par le point de vue plus théorique adopté en amont pour mener à bien ce travail. La deuxième partie présente les résultats de l'enquête dans quatre chapitres. 1. Description de l'ensemble des pratiques sécuritaires recensées dans les entreprises. 2. Caractéristiques de la représentation des risques (accidents et cause des accidents, risques et moyens de prévention, opinions diverses à propos de la prévention). 3. Etat des lieux de la prévention dans les PME (équipements dangereux, nuisances, surveillance médicale, accidentabilité). 4. Synthèse critique des résultats obtenus.

Background Established in 2000, Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) catalysed extraordinary political, financial, and social commitments to reduce under-5 mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. At the country level, the pace of progress in improving child survival has varied markedly, highlighting a crucial need to further examine potential drivers of accelerated or slowed decreases in child mortality. The Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study (GBD 2015) provides an analytical framework to comprehensively assess these trends for under-5 mortality, age-specific and cause-specific mortality among children under 5 years, and stillbirths by geography over time. Methods Drawing from analytical approaches developed and refined in previous iterations of the GBD study, we generated updated estimates of child mortality by age group (neonatal, post-neonatal, ages 1–4 years, and under 5) for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational geographies, from 1980–2015. We also estimated numbers and rates of stillbirths for these geographies and years. Gaussian process regression with data source adjustments for sampling and non-sampling bias was applied to synthesise input data for under-5 mortality for each geography. Age-specific mortality estimates were generated through a two-stage age–sex splitting process, and stillbirth estimates were produced with a mixed-effects model, which accounted for variable stillbirth definitions and data source-specific biases. For GBD 2015, we did a series of novel analyses to systematically quantify the drivers of trends in child mortality across geographies. First, we assessed observed and expected levels and annualised rates of decrease for under-5 mortality and stillbirths as they related to the Soci-demographic Index (SDI). Second, we examined the ratio of recorded and expected levels of child mortality, on the basis of SDI, across geographies, as well as differences in recorded and expected annualised rates of change for under-5 mortality. Third, we analysed levels and ...

Background Plasmodium vivax exacts a significant toll on health worldwide, yet few efforts to date have quantified the extent and temporal trends of its global distribution. Given the challenges associated with the proper diagnosis and treatment of P vivax, national malaria programmes—particularly those pursuing malaria elimination strategies—require up to date assessments of P vivax endemicity and disease impact. This study presents the first global maps of P vivax clinical burden from 2000 to 2017. Methods In this spatial and temporal modelling study, we adjusted routine malariometric surveillance data for known biases and used socioeconomic indicators to generate time series of the clinical burden of P vivax. These data informed Bayesian geospatial models, which produced fine-scale predictions of P vivax clinical incidence and infection prevalence over time. Within sub-Saharan Africa, where routine surveillance for P vivax is not standard practice, we combined predicted surfaces of Plasmodium falciparum with country-specific ratios of P vivax to P falciparum. These results were combined with surveillance-based outputs outside of Africa to generate global maps. Findings We present the first high-resolution maps of P vivax burden. These results are combined with those for P falciparum (published separately) to form the malaria estimates for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 study. The burden of P vivax malaria decreased by 41·6%, from 24·5 million cases (95% uncertainty interval 22·5–27·0) in 2000 to 14·3 million cases (13·7–15·0) in 2017. The Americas had a reduction of 56·8% (47·6–67·0) in total cases since 2000, while South-East Asia recorded declines of 50·5% (50·3–50·6) and the Western Pacific regions recorded declines of 51·3% (48·0–55·4). Europe achieved zero P vivax cases during the study period. Nonetheless, rates of decline have stalled in the past five years for many countries, with particular increases noted in regions affected by political and economic instability. Interpretation Our study ...