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SummaryTHE ROLE OF THE SOCIOLOGIST IN RURAL DEVELOPMENTThis paper discusses the contribution of the sociologist to the planning of agricultural and rural development in Israel. The author first outlines the three levels of agricultural planning – national, regional and farm, and then provides some background to rural settlement activities in Israel. The confrontation of new immigrants from traditional societies with the technologically advanced agriculture of Israel resulted in severe social crises in the new villages, affecting also their economic achievements; and the subsequent assignment of rural sociologists to the villages to study the life‐pattern of these traditional groups and provide them with counselling and instruction, whilst at the same time undertaking general research. The recommendations of the sociologists helped the development authorities to evolve suitable measures for integrating these immigrants into society as socially independent and economically successful members.RésuméROLE DU SOCIOLOGUE DANS LE DEVELOPPEMENT RURALCet article a pour thème la contribution du sociologue à la planification du développement rural et agricole en Israel. L'auteur décrit, tout d'abord, les trois degrés de la planification ‐niveaux national, régional et d'exploitation‐ et poursuit en mettant en évidence le fond des activités de colonisation en Israel. La confrontation des nouveaux immigrants avec Pagriculture, techniquement avancée, d'Israel provoquait une crise profonde dans les nouveaux villages, crise qui a une repercussion sur leurs résultats économiques. Les responsables de la colonisation ont, en conséquence, décidé de s'assurer les services de sociologues ruraux auxquels a été assigné, comme première tâche, l'étude du contexte social et du mode de vie des groupes traditionnels installés dans les villages; ces sociologues doivent, ensuite, assumer d'autres responsabilités en matière de vulgarisation, d'éucation et de recherche en général. Les recommandations des sociologues aident les responsables du développement en ce qu'elles permettent d'élaborer des mesures propres à réaliser l'objectif principal: l'intégration, en tant que membres socialement et économiquement indépendants de la société globale, des nouveaux immigrants.ZusammenfassungDIE ROLLE DES SOZIOLOGEN IN DER LANDENTWICKLUNGDie Arbeit behandelt den Beitrag des Soziologen zur Planung der landwirtschaftlichen und ländlichen Entwicklung in Israel. Der Autor beschreibt zuerst die drei Ebenen der Agrarplanung – nationale, regionale und betriebliche – und stellt dann den Hintergrund für die ländliche Siedlungstätigkeit in Israel dar. Die Konfrontation der neuen Einwanderer aus traditionellen Gesellschaften mit der techno‐logisch fortgeschrittenen Landwirtschaft im modernen Israel führte zu ernsten sozialen Krisen in den neuen Dörfern, die auch ihre wirtschaftlichen Ergebnisse beeintrachtigten. Die Siedlungsbehörde entschloss sich daher, Dienste von Landsoziologen in Anspruch zu nehmen. Diese hatten die Lebensweise der traditionellen Gruppen zu studieren, ferner Behörden und Siedler zu beraten und allgemeine Forschung zu betreiben. Die Empfehlungen der Soziologen halfen den Entwicklungsbehorden sinnvolle Maßnahmen zu entwerfen, um die Einwanderer in die Gesellschaft als sozial unabhängige und wirtschaftlich erfolgreiche Mitglieder zu integrieren.

SummaryThe Ethnic Factor in the Development of Rural Settlements in IsraelSurveys of development were carried out in 1958 and 1963 in 223 co‐operative, small‐holder villages which had been newly settled in Israel. The farmers in each village belonged to one of three groups ‐ North African, Asiatic and Western ‐ each one with sufficient distinct characteristics to warrant terming them 'ethnic' groups.In order to separate the effect of the ethnic factor, four external parameters which might have influenced the development of the villages were examined first. Only one, the allocation of natural means of production, was found to be unequally distributed among the three ethnic groups. The development of each ethnic group was then determined according to a model based on ten criteria, bearing on the social and economic situation of the villages.The study showed that the ethnic factor was important in determining the rate of development. The group with the highest level of technical background, the Western, exhibited the highest level of development in both survey years, but by the end of the five‐year period, its level was slightly declining, while the levels of the other two groups were tending to catch up. Each ethnic group exhibited a specific rate of development, with the lower the starting point, the greater the development rate.The study bears on the adaptation of 'folk' people, who in most cases were not originally farmers, to modern agriculture with a complicated technology and organization, and on the importance of settling homogeneous ethnic groups, particularly in the case of non‐modern people.