Suchergebnisse

This article analyzes the rise and evolution of Boko Haram, a Nigerian jihadist organization operating since March 2015 under the banner of Islamic State. The key changes in the ideology, tactics, and goals of Boko Haram have been identified providing in-depth insight into how and why the organization has evolved. The evolution of jihadist activity of Boko Haram included at least two dimensions: firstly – the extreme radicalization of paramilitary struggle manifested in the massacres of civilians in rural areas; and secondly – the feminization of jihadist activity with special regard to the involuntary participation of young women in suicide bombings. The analysis of the facts discussed in the article is based on one of the qualitative scientific methods, namely case study. The main reason to apply this method is the need to investigate the above-mentioned changes in the activity of Islamic terrorists within the time limits indicated in the title of the article.

The point of interest in this paper is the issue of state-sponsored terrorism. The essence of this form of terrorism is the intentional (indirect or direct) support, offered by state sponsors to terrorist organizations, and the intention to let them achieve their political, strategic or tactical goals, usually concerning the citizens, governments or the territory of third-party countries. The paper presents a classification of the range of such support and concentrates on the analysis of the motives and means applied by the state sponsors. Owing to historical conditions and the range and scope of support granted, the paper uses the examples of Iran, Syria and Iraq. Only the former two states offer permanent support to terrorist organizations in the Middle East. After the collapse of Saddam Hussein's regime, Iraqi authorities have abandoned this activity as it was actually harmful to the interests of their country.

The point of interest in this paper is the issue of state-sponsored terrorism. The essence of this form of terrorism is the intentional (indirect or direct) support, offered by state sponsors to terrorist organizations, and the intention to let them achieve their political, strategic or tactical goals, usually concerning the citizens, governments or the territory of third-party countries. The paper presents a classification of the range of such support and concentrates on the analysis of the motives and means applied by the state sponsors. Owing to historical conditions and the range and scope of support granted, the paper uses the examples of Iran, Syria and Iraq. Only the former two states offer permanent support to terrorist organizations in the Middle East. After the collapse of Saddam Hussein's regime, Iraqi authorities have abandoned this activity as it was actually harmful to the interests of their country.

Przedmiotem rozważań w niniejszym artykule jest problematyka ewolucji zagrożenia terrorystycznego na Bliskim Wschodzie w 2016 r. W tym celu analizie poddano, po pierwsze, istotę i determinanty współczesnego zagrożenia terrorystycznego. Wskazano także najważniejsze podmioty terrorystyczne aktywne na Bliskim Wschodzie. Po drugie – przedstawiono chronologię i najważniejsze trendy w ramach aktywności terrorystycznej w tym regionie. I wreszcie, po trzecie, skupiono się na predykcji najważniejszych trendów rozwoju powyższego fenomenu w 2017 r. i kolejnych latach.