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In this open-access monograph, Paul Weller explores how the movement known as Hizmet (meaning "service") is undergoing a period of transitions in Europe. Inspired by the teaching and practice of the Turkish Islamic scholar, Fethullah Gülen, Hizmet has been active in Europe (and other continents) for several decades. It has always been subject to some degree of contestation, which has intensified following the July 2016 coup attempt in Turkey, for which the current Turkish government holds Fethullah Gülen and Hizmet as responsible – a claim they strongly deny. In Turkey, thousands of people associated with Hizmet have been imprisoned. In Europe, pressures have been brought to bear on the movement and its activities. In charting a way forward, Hizmet finds itself in a significant transitional period, the nature and possible future trajectories of which are explored in this volume. The book is informed by a comprehensive literature review and a recent research project which includes primary research interviews with key Hizmet figures in Europe and beyond. It contends that to properly understand Hizmet in Europe, one has to situate it in its interactive engagement both with its diverse European national contexts and with Fethullah Gülen's teaching and practice.

This is the first book of its kind about the Turkish Muslim scholar, Fethullah Gülen, since the July 2016 events in Turkey, the trauma experienced by Gülen, and the disruption to initiatives inspired by his teaching, known as Hizmet. Drawing on primary interviews with Gülen and Hizmet participants and a literature review, this Open Access book locates the clear origins of Gülen's teaching in the Qur'an and Sunnah in dynamic engagement with their geographical, temporal and existential reception, translation, and onward communication. It argues that as Hizmet cannot be understood apart from Gülen and his teaching, Gülen and his teaching cannot be understood apart from Hizmet, while exploring the heritage of both. A more geographically focused case study is set out in author Paul Weller's Hizmet in Transitions: European Developments of a Turkish Muslim-Inspired Movement, also published by Palgrave Macmillan (2022).

Einleitung -- Theoretischer Hintergrund des Sozialkapitalkonzepts -- Verknüpfung von Religion und Sozialkapital -- Daten und Methode -- Religion in der Schweiz -- Das soziale Kapital der Schweiz -- Fazit: Religion und Sozialkapital -- Ausblick und Implikationen.

There is an increasingly widespread sense that Europe is in crisis. Notions of a shared European identity and a common European culture appear to be losing their purchase. This crisis is often seen as a conflict between a cosmopolitan and a nationalist idea of Europe. The reality is, however, considerably more complex, as the long history of the idea of Europe reveals. In The Idea of Europe: A Critical History, Shane Weller explores that history from its origins in classical antiquity to the present day. Drawing on a wide range of sources, he demonstrates that, all too often, seemingly progressive ideas of Europe have been shaped by Eurocentric, culturally supremacist, and even racist assumptions. Seeking to break with this troubling pattern, Weller calls for an idea of Europe shaped by a spirit of self-critique and by an openness to those cultures that have for so long been dismissed as non-European.

Cover -- Part I: Study on the European added value of legislative action on cross-border restitution claims of works of art and cultural goods looted in armed conflicts and wars with special regard to aspects of private law, private international law and civil procedure -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1 - Terms of Reference -- I. Mission: Tackling legal uncertainty within the civil law dimension of cross-border restitution claims by EU legislative action -- II. Overall objective: Improving "private enforcement" against looting of art and cultural property -- III. Reason: Limited scope and success of public enforcement -- IV. Caveats: Procedural and material justice of civil law -- V. Incomplete history of public and private "partnership" in the protection of cultural property -- VI. Support for a comprehensive regulatory framework by the United Nations -- VII. Focal points of an effective private enforcement for claims for restitution of looted cultural property by EU legislative action -- Chapter 2 - On the scale of illicit trade with Looted Cultural Property -- I. The global art market: Up to USD 57 billion per annum? -- II. Illicit trade: Up to USD 8 billion per annum? -- III. ILLICID: A German pilot project for investigating the illicit art market -- IV. Figures from Databases in the field -- 1. INTERPOL -- 2. Art Loss Register -- 3. Lost Art Database (Nazi Looted Art) -- 4. Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1933 - 1945 (Nazi Looted Art) -- V. Many more recent signs of concern -- 1. UN Security Council Resolution 2347 (24 March 2017) -- 2. Terrorism and Illicit Finance Subcommittee of the US House of Representatives (23 June 2017) -- 3. FBI Report "Art Theft" (3 May 2017) -- 4. Council of Europe Convention on Offences relating to Cultural Property (3 May 2017)

This book analyzes the relative balance of bargaining power between governments and the banks in charge of underwriting their debt during the first financial globalization. Brazil and Mexico, both indebted countries that underwent major changes in reputation and negotiating power as they faced financial crises, provide valuable case studies of government strategies for obtaining the best possible outcomes. Previous literature has focused on bankers' perspectives and emphasized that debtors were submissive during negotiations, but Weller finds that governments' negotiating power varied over time. He presents a new analytical framework that interprets when and why officials were likely to negotiate loans more or less effectively, with newly uncovered primary sources from debtors' and creditors' archives suggesting key causes of variation: fiscal accounts, political stability, and creditors' exposure and reputation.

Die Restitution von abhanden gekommenen oder kriegsbedingt verbrachten Kunstwerken und Kulturgütern wirft fast immer Fragen des Internationalen Privatrechts auf. Zugleich sehen sich Anspruchsteller regelmäßig vor großen Schwierigkeiten bei der Durchsetzung privatrechtlicher Ansprüche in grenzüberschreitenden Sachverhalten. Dies betrifft vor allem illegal ausgegrabene und aus aktuellen Krisen- und Kriegsgebieten ausgeführte archäologische Objekte, aber auch NS-Raubkunst.Das Europäische Parlament hat deswegen überprüfen lassen, ob die EU gesetzgeberische Maßnahmen zur Stärkung und Förderung des "private enforcement" im Kulturgutschutzrecht ergreifen sollte. Der vorliegende Text enthält die hierzu vom Europäischen Parlament in Auftrag gegebene Studie und die hieraus bisher abgeleiteten Folgerungen

Title -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Foreword -- Prologue: 1 May 1967 -- 1 Dr Helen Davidson: A Woman of Habit -- 2 My Cold Case Investigation: Old Amersham 2009 -- 3 A Perfect Place for Murder -- 4 Forensic Evidence Uncovered -- 5 The First Forty-eight Hours -- 6 The Wealthy Davidsons -- 7 Seeing the Wood for the Trees: November 1966 -- 8 The Housekeeper at Hyde Heath -- 9 Mr Herbert Charles Baker -- 10 Injured Parties: 1961-62 -- 11 Countdown: 1962-66 -- 12 Treated as Suspects -- 13 In the Frame -- 14 Vicious Circle -- Appendix -- Plates -- Copyright

This handbook is a comprehensive and authoritative study of the modern law on the use of force. Over 50 experts in the field offer a detailed analysis, and to an extent a restatement, of the law in this area. It reviews the status of the law on the use of force and assesses what changes, if any, have occurred as a result of recent developments and offers cutting-edge and up-to-date scholarship on all major aspects of the prohibition of the use of force.

Bringing together the set of regional and international jurisprudence from courts and treaty bodies concerned with issues of minority rights, thiis work concludes with an evaluation of the contribution of the case-law reviewed to the development of universal standards of protection