Suchergebnisse

Background Mandatory rules for social distancing to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic require individuals to maintain a critical interpersonal distance above 1.5 m. However, this contradicts our natural preference, which is closer to 1 m for non-intimate encounters, for example, when asking a stranger for directions. Objective This review addresses how humans typically regulate interpersonal distances, in order to highlight the challenges of enforcing atypically large interpersonal distances. Method To understand the challenges posed by social distancing requirements, we integrate relevant contributions from visual perception, social perception, and human factors. Results To date, research on preferred interpersonal distances suggests that social distancing could induce discomfort, heighten arousal, and decrease social signaling in the short term. While the protracted effects of social distancing are unclear, we propose hypotheses on the mid- to long-term consequences of violating preferred norms of interpersonal distances. Conclusion We suggest that enforcing a physical distance of 1.5–2 m presents a serious challenge to behavioral norms. Application We address how notifications, architectural design, and visualizations could be effectively applied to promote interpersonal distance requirements.

ZusammenfassungDas Selbstregulationsmodell sexueller Rückfälligkeit ("self-regulation model of the relapse process", SRM) stellt eine Theorie zur Ätiologie sexueller Delinquenz und Rückfälligkeit dar, bei der sexuell motivierte Straftaten und Täter unterschiedlichen Rückfallpfaden und Entscheidungswegen zugeordnet werden, von denen aus wiederum auf individuelle Motive, Defizite und Ressourcen geschlossen werden kann. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Stichprobe von N = 68 Männern, die mindestens eine sexuell motivierte Straftat gegen Kinder begangen haben, in Bezug auf die SRM-Typologisierung beurteilt und hinsichtlich verschiedener klinischer, demografischer und kriminologischer Merkmale verglichen. Unter Verwendung des SRM konnten 25 % (n = 17) dem annähernd-expliziten, 25 % (n = 17) dem vermeidend-passiven, 22,1 % (n = 15) dem annähernd-automatischen und 13,2 % (n = 9) dem vermeidend-aktiven Rückfallpfad zugeordnet werden. Männer mit Annäherungszielen wiesen im Vergleich zu denen mit Vermeidungszielen höhere Werte im Static-99 und ein entsprechend höheres Rückfallrisiko auf. Außerdem wurde bei Männern mit Annäherungszielen häufiger die Diagnose einer Pädophilie gestellt. Die Ergebnisse liefern erste Hinweise dafür, dass das SRM ein nützliches theoretisches Modell sein kann, um Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Männern, die aufgrund eines Kindesmissbrauchsdelikt verurteilt wurden, aufzudecken.

The Explicit and Implicit Sexual Interest Profile (EISIP) is a multimethod measure of sexual interest in children and adults. It combines indirect latency-based measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), Viewing Time (VT), and explicit self-report measures. This study examined test–retest reliability and absolute temporal agreement of the EISIP over a 2-week interval in persons who were convicted of sexual offenses against children ( n = 33) and nonoffending controls ( n = 48). Test–retest reliability of the aggregated EISIP measures was high across the whole sample ( rtt = .90, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .90) with the IAT yielding the lowest retest correlations ( rtt = .66, ICC = .66). However, these indicators of relative reliability only quantify the temporal stability of individual differences within the group, not the detectability of individual change. Absolute temporal agreement as assessed via Bland–Altman plots ranged from one fourth to three thirds of a standardized unit in the sexual preference scores. This implies that individual change has to exceed medium to large standardized effect sizes to be distinguishable from spontaneous temporal variation in the EISIP measures. Overall, scores of combined measures were largely superior to single measures in terms of both absolute and relative reliability.

With the Covid-19 pandemic, many governments introduced nationwide lockdowns that disrupted people's daily routines and promoted social isolation. We applied a longitudinal online survey to investigate the mid-term effects of the mandated restrictions on the perceived passage of time (PPT) and boredom during and after a strict lockdown in Germany. One week after the beginning of the lockdown in March 2020, respondents reported a slower PPT and increased boredom compared to the pre-pandemic level. However, in the course of the lockdown, PPT accelerated and boredom decreased again until August 2020. Then, in October 2020, when incidence rates sharply rose and new restrictions were introduced, we again observed a slight trend toward a slowing of PPT and an increase of boredom. Our data also show that as the pandemic progressed, respondents adjusted their predictions about the pandemic's duration substantially upward. In sum, our findings suggest that respondents adapted to the pandemic situation and anticipated it as the new "normal". Furthermore, we determined perceived boredom and the general emotional state to be predictive of PPT, while depressive symptoms played a minor role.