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Cover -- Half Title -- Endorsement -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Boxes -- Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 Evidence-Based Policing: Research, Practice, and Bridging the Great Divide -- Evidence-based Policing: An Overview -- The Origins and Diffusion of an Idea -- Expanding the Scope of Evidence-Based Policing -- Research Translation -- Research & -- Practice: Policing's Great Divide -- Bridging the Great Divide -- Navigating Smothering Paradigms -- Evolution Rather Than Revolution -- Toward the Global Institutionalization of Evidence-Based Policing -- Transferring Scientific Knowledge to the Practice Community -- Empowering Officers to Conduct Police-Led Science -- Aligning the Work of Researchers and Practitioners -- Incorporating Evidence-Based Policing in Daily Police Functions -- Notes -- References -- Part I Transferring Scientific Knowledge to the Practice Community -- 2 Globalizing Evidence-Based Policing: Case Studies of Community Policing, Reform, and Diversion -- Introduction -- Diffusion, Dissemination, Reform, and Transformation -- Case Study 1: The Testing and Dissemination of Police-Led Diversion Models -- Case Study 2: The Global Implementation of Community Policing -- Case Study 3: Evidence-Based Policing and Police Reform in India -- Conclusion: The Future Global Role for Evidence-Based Policing in Transforming the Police -- References -- 3 Developing Evidence-Based Crime Reduction Skills in Mid-Level Command Staff -- Introduction -- Introducing Science to a Craft -- Experience -- What Training Is Currently Available? -- The Police Commander's Crime Reduction Course -- Introducing Evidence-Based Policing -- The Reducing Crime Podcast -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Fits and Starts: Criminology's Influence On Policing Policy and Practice -- Introduction -- Methodology.

Making Public Places Safer is the first book to assess the effectiveness and social costs of the most important surveillance methods to prevent crime in public space: CCTV, improved street lighting, security guards, place managers, and defensible space. Importantly, the book goes beyond the question of "Does it work?" and examines the specific conditions and contexts under which these surveillance methods may have an effect on crime as well as the mechanisms that bring about a reduction in crime. Making Public Places Safer is a timely and reliable guide at a time when cities need cost-effective methods to fight crime and the public gradually awakens to the burdens of sacrificing their privacy and civil rights for security.

Abstract
In 1997, the Office of Justice Programs published Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising (Sherman, L. W., Gottfredson, D. C., MacKenzie, D. L., Eck, J. E., Reuter, P., and Bushway, S. D. (1997). Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs). The report was commissioned by the US Congress and was prepared by a team of criminologists from the University of Maryland. It aspired to be a methodologically rigorous and comprehensive review of the effectiveness of crime prevention programmes, ranging from prenatal home visits to community policing to parole. This 20-year review of the 'what works' report finds that it has been influential in elevating both the scientific and public policy discourse on crime prevention. It did this on three main fronts. First, it reaffirmed that not all evaluation designs are equally valid and made clear that only designs that provide confidence in observed effects should contribute to the evidence base. Secondly, it advanced the equally important task of assessing research evidence and, despite some limitations, adopted a more rigorous method for this purpose. Thirdly, undergirding all of this was the report's commitment to the communication of science for the benefit of all parties: policymakers, practitioners, researchers, and the public. Implications for policy—with special reference to evidence-based policing—and research are discussed.

Crime prevention has long figured prominently in the scholarly and applied traditions of criminology. Using a socio-historical approach, this article examines the developments of and influences on the concept of crime prevention in the USA over the last century. We argue that crime prevention is a unique social and environmental strategy for reducing crime and is distinct from crime control or punishment. Prevention's main characteristics include a focus on intervening in the first instance – before a crime has been committed – and operating outside of the formal justice system. The historical record of the scholarship and practice of crime prevention in the USA embraces this view. A more current perspective sees crime prevention as the full range of techniques, from prenatal home visits to prison sentences, defined more by its outcome – the prevention of a future criminal event – than its character or approach. A return to the original meaning of prevention is considered.

Spending on prisons is at an all time high in the United States. These costs are proving unsustainable, causing a substantial drain on state and local government budgets and diverting scarce resources from critical sectors like education, health, and welfare. Early prevention of delinquency and later offending represents a viable public policy option to the present focus on punishment, and some governments are beginning to take notice. This article reviews the highest-quality research on the economic benefits and costs of early prevention compared with imprisonment. It finds that there is a growing body of scientific research that shows that early prevention is an effective and worthwhile investment of public resources; a number of landmark, comprehensive economic studies demonstrate the value of early prevention and other alternatives compared to imprisonment; and a new crop of research studies are forging important insights on the economics of prison and alternative strategies. Implications for policy are discussed.

This article reports on the findings of a systematic review--incorporating meta-analytic techniques--of the available research evidence on the effects of closed-circuit television (CCTV) on crime in public space. A number of targeted and comprehensive searches of the published and unpublished literature and contacts with leading researchers produced twenty-two CCTV evaluations that met our criteria for inclusion in this review. CCTV had a significant desirable effect on crime, although the overall reduction in crime was a rather small 4 percent. All nine studies showing evidence of a desirable effect of CCTV on crime were carried out in the United Kingdom. Conversely, the other nine studies showing no evidence of any desirable effect of CCTV on crime included all five North American studies. CCTV was most effective in reducing crime in car parks. It had no effect on violent crimes but had a significant desirable effect on vehicle crimes.

This article reports on the findings of a systematic review -- incorporating meta-analytic techniques -- of the available research evidence on the effects of closed-circuit television (CCTV) on crime in public space. A number of targeted & comprehensive searches of the published & unpublished literature & contacts with leading researchers produced twenty-two CCTV evaluations that met our criteria for inclusion in this review. CCTV had a significant desirable effect on crime, although the overall reduction in crime was a rather small 4%. All nine studies showing evidence of a desirable effect of CCTV on crime were carried out in the United Kingdom. Conversely, the other nine studies showing no evidence of any desirable effect of CCTV on crime included all five North American studies. CCTV was most effective in reducing crime in car parks. It had no effect on violent crimes but had a significant desirable effect on vehicle crimes. 5 Tables, 1 Figure, 49 References. [Copyright 2003 Sage Publications, Inc.]

This article brings together the main conclusions from the previous articles in this issue & identifies priorities for moving toward an evidence-based approach to preventing crime. The Campbell Collaboration Crime & Justice Group has begun the important task of preparing systematic reviews of the effectiveness of a wide range of criminological interventions. Alongside the Campbell initiative, a program of research of new crime prevention & intervention experiments & quasi-experiments needs to be launched. Efforts must also be made to confront the challenges of getting research evidence into policy & practice. Here, political & policy considerations need to be faced. 1 Appendix, 40 References. [Copyright 2001 Sage Publications, Inc.]