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Book review: The European Union and the Use of Force, by Julia Schmidt. (Leiden: Brill)
In: Common Market Law Review, Band 59, Heft 2, S. 609-611
ISSN: 0165-0750
Legality in EU Common Foreign and Security Policy:The Choice of the Appropriate Legal Basis
In: Wessel , R A 2021 , Legality in EU Common Foreign and Security Policy : The Choice of the Appropriate Legal Basis . in C Kilpatrick & J Scott (eds) , Contemporary Challenges to EU Legality . Collected Courses of the Academy of European Law , Oxford University Press , pp. 71-99 . https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898050.003.0004
The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) of the EU finds itself between exceptionalism and normalization. Because of its special position and because the legislative procedure is not applicable to this policy area, questions of legality are not usually raised in the context of CFSP. At the same time, CFSP has become a policy area to which most EU rules and principles simply apply. This chapter assesses questions of (the review of) legality in the context of CFSP. As questions of legality make sense only in the context of legal acts, this chapter will first revisit the nature of CFSP acts as well as their consequences in the light of the 'normalization' of CFSP. Second, questions of legality will be assessed in relation to the legal basis of CFSP acts, and in particular, the choice of legal basis and the possibility of combining CFSP and other legal bases to enhance options for legality review.
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Normative Transformations in EU External Relations:The Phenomenon of 'Soft' International Agreements
In: Wessel , R 2021 , ' Normative Transformations in EU External Relations : The Phenomenon of 'Soft' International Agreements ' , West European Politics , vol. 44 , no. 1 , pp. 72-92 . https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2020.1738094 ; ISSN:0140-2382
The European Union increasingly uses 'soft' international arrangements rather than formal international agreements in establishing relations with non-EU states. This contribution aims to raise the question of to what extent a move from hard to soft law in relations between the EU and its partners can be seen as allowing the Union to 'step outside' the legal framework (if that indeed is what is happening) and disregard the rules and principles that define the way in which EU external relations are to take shape. Possible consequences include the risk that these instruments are not subject to appropriate safeguards, that parliamentary influence (by the European Parliament as well as by national parliaments) is by-passed and that transparency is affected. There are various reasons for the EU not to use formal procedures, but a turn to informality does come at a price.
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The External Dimension of EU Agencies and Bodies: Law and Policy Herwig CH Hofmann, Ellen Vos and Merijn Chamon (eds) Cheltenham/Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2019, 234 pp
In: European journal of risk regulation: EJRR ; at the intersection of global law, science and policy, Band 11, Heft 3, S. 717-720
ISSN: 2190-8249
Normative transformations in EU external relations: the phenomenon of 'soft' international agreements
In: West European politics, Band 44, Heft 1, S. 72-92
ISSN: 1743-9655
Consequences of Brexit for international agreements concluded by the EU and its Member States
In: Common Market Law Review, Band 55, Heft Special Issue, S. 101-131
ISSN: 0165-0750
The impact of Brexit on the external relations of the EU and the UK runs the risk of receiving less attention because of the difficult internal negotiations on the future of the UK-EU relationship. Yet, the legal complexities related to the fact that the UK will no longer be part of the EU's external relations regime are equally challenging, and increasingly present themselves now that "Brexit day" approaches. The present contribution analyses the consequences of Brexit for the UK to negotiate and conclude new international agreements, as well as the impact of the UK's withdrawal on existing international agreements concluded by the EU and its Member States with almost all States in the world.
The Meso Level: Means of Interaction between EU and International Law: Flipping the Question: The Reception of EU Law in the International Legal Order
In: Yearbook of European law, Band 35, Heft 1, S. 533-561
ISSN: 2045-0044
The European Union in International Organisations and Global Governance: Recent Developments by Christine Kaddous (ed)
In: Yearbook of European law, Band 35, Heft 1, S. 727-731
ISSN: 2045-0044
Book Review: The European Court of Justice and External Relations Law. Constitutional Challenges, by Marise Cremona and Anne Thies. (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2014)
In: Common Market Law Review, Band 52, Heft 6, S. 1715-1717
ISSN: 0165-0750
Resisting Legal Facts: Are CFSP Norms as Soft as They Seem?
In: European foreign affairs review, Band 20, Heft Special Issue, S. 123-145
ISSN: 1875-8223
Studies on the (non-)compliance with CFSP norms often misinterpret the legal nature of those norms. Classifying CFSP norms as 'non-binding' may help in distinguishing this policy area from other European Union's (EU) policies, but does not do justice to the committing nature of the norms. Irrespective of the limited role Court's may play in relation to CFSP, the norms often intend to bind the Member States. This has been the case from the outset, but seems strengthened now, as the Lisbon Treaty streamlined procedures and consolidated the EU's external action. In studying resistance to CFSP norms, it is worthwhile to take their legal nature into account. In that sense, the broad definition of soft law used in the introduction to this special issue is helpful as it includes binding norms without enforcement mechanisms. Yet, the question remains whether one can still hold that judicial enforcement and the principles of primacy and direct effect are completely alien to the area of CFSP.
Resisting legal facts: are CFSP norms as soft as they seem?
Studies on the (non-compliance with CFSP norms often misinterpret the legal nature of those norms. Classifying CFSP norms as 'non-binding' may help in distinguishing this policy area from other European Union's (EU) policies, but does not do justice to the committing nature of the norms. Irrespective of the limited role Court's may play in relation to CFSP, the norms often intend to bind the Member States. This has been the case from the outset, but seems strengthened now, as the Lisbon Treaty streamlined procedures and consolidated the EU's external action. In studying resistance to CFSP norms, it is worthwhile to take their legal nature into account. In that sense, the broad definition of soft law used in the introduction to this special issue is helpful as it includes binding norms without enforcement mechanisms. Yet, the question remains whether one can still hold that judicial enforcement and the principles of primacy and direct effect are completely alien to the area of CFSP.
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Resisting Legal Facts: Are CFSP Norms as Soft as They Seem?
In: European foreign affairs review, Band 20, S. 123-145
ISSN: 1384-6299
Studies on the (non-)compliance with CFSP norms often misinterpret the legal nature of those norms. Classifying CFSP norms as 'non-binding' may help in distinguishing this policy area from other European Union's (EU) policies, but does not do justice to the committing nature of the norms. Irrespective of the limited role Court's may play in relation to CFSP, the norms often intend to bind the Member States. This has been the case from the outset, but seems strengthened now, as the Lisbon Treaty streamlined procedures and consolidated the EU's external action. In studying resistance to CFSP norms, it is worthwhile to take their legal nature into account. In that sense, the broad definition of soft law used in the introduction to this special issue is helpful as it includes binding norms without enforcement mechanisms. Yet, the question remains whether one can still hold that judicial enforcement and the principles of primacy and direct effect are completely alien to the area of CFSP. Adapted from the source document.
Book Review: The Legal Effects of EU Agreements: Maximalist Treaty Enforcement and Judicial Avoidance Techniques, by Mario Mendez. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013)
In: Common Market Law Review, Band 51, Heft 5, S. 1548-1549
ISSN: 0165-0750
Immunities of the European Union
The question of the immunities of the European Union ('eu') is clearly under-researched. However, with the new global ambitions of the eu, which are even more prominent in the current — post-Lisbon Treaty — legal regime, the classic institutional law theme of the immunities of international organizations deserves to be addressed in the context of the eu as well. This contribution first of all looks into the legal position of the eu under international law. This is followed by an analysis of the legal provisions on the eu's immunities in the treaties and other relevant documents. The paper also addresses actual and potential situations in which eu immunities are or can be invoked. It is concluded that, although the eu's legal regime in this area follows the rules of international diplomatic law, it is special because of the extensive, yet complex, international competences of the eu as well as of the role of the organization's own Court of Justice
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