Suchergebnisse

LATE TWENTIETH-CENTURY TERRORISM SHOULD BE VIEWED AS A FORM OF WAR AND FALLS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF MILITARY THEORY. TERRORISM, LIKE GUERRILLA WARFARE A FORM OF UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE, REPRESENTS A REVIVAL OF PRIMITIVE WARFARE. DISTINCTIONS OF TERRORISM FROM GUERRILLA WARFARE ARE FORMALISTIC AND IGNORE OPTIONS TO CONDUCT AND ACTUAL PRACTICE. THE HISTORICAL ROOTS OF CONTEMPORARY TERRORISM ARE EXAMINED. BESIDES CLASSICAL DOCTRINE ON TYRANNICIDE, THE THEORY ALSO DERIVES FROM THE GRAECO-ROMAN MILITARY DOCTRINE OF STRATAGEM, WHICH INFLUENCED THE ISLAMIC IDEA OF JIHAD AND HAS A DEMONSTRABLE RECORD IN WESTERN MILITARY THOUGHT FROM ANTIQUITY TO MODERN GUERRILLA TERRORISTS. TERRORISM AS AN OFFSHOOT OF STRATAGEM STRESSES PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE, AVOIDANCE OF DIRECT CONFRONTATION, AND A TEST OF MORAL ENDURANCE. TERRORISM IS A STRATEGY PRONE TO APPEAR UNDER FAVORABLE CONDITIONS, NOT A SOCIETAL PROBLEM WITH A DEFINITE SOLUTION.

This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (ISF, IB) (098497/Z/12/Z; WT098051), Medical Research Council (ISF, SOR) (MRC_MC_UU_12012/5), NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (ISF, IB, SOR), Bernard Wolfe Health Neuroscience Endowment (ISF), European Research Council (ISF) and NIH grant DK064265 (GLM), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) project Beta-JUDO n°279153 (ISF, AK). This study comprises one arm of the UK10K Consortium (WT091310). The UK Household Longitudinal Study is led by the Institute for Social and Economic Research at the University of Essex and funded by the Economic and Social Research Council. The survey was conducted by NatCen and the genome-wide scan data were analysed and deposited by the Wellcome Trust www.nature.com/scientificreports/ Scientific Reports | 7: 4394 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-03054-8 1 1 Sanger Institute. Information on how to access the data can be found on the Understanding Society website https://www.understandingsociety.ac.uk/. AH and JH were funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (National Genome Research Net-Plus 01GS0820), the German Research Foundation (DFG; HI865/2-1), the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreements n°245009 and n°262055. We thank participants and staff of the Copenhagen City Heart Study, Copenhagen Ischemic Heart Disease Study, and the Copenhagen General Population Study for their important contributions (CCHS, CGPS, CIHDS). CHD case ascertainment and validation, genotyping, and clinical chemistry assays in EPICCVD were supported by grants awarded to the University of Cambridge from the EU Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233), the UK Medical Research Council (G0800270) and British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002), the European Research Council (268834), the UK National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Merck and Pfizer. We thank all EPIC participants and staff for their contribution to the study, the laboratory teams at the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit for sample management and Cambridge Genomic Services for genotyping, Sarah Spackman for data management, and the team at the EPICCVD Coordinating Centre for study coordination and administration (EPIC-CVD). JD is supported by a British Heart Foundation Professorship, NIHR Senior Investigator, European Research Council Senior Investigator. Leipzig LIFE Child as part of the Leipzig Childhood Obesity cohort was funded by the European Union, by the European Regional Development Fund (ERFD) by means of the Free State of Saxony within the framework of the excellence initiative