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This research utilizes life-course perspective concepts of linked lives and historical time and place to examine the multigenerational effects of relocation experiences on Indigenous families. Data were collected from a longitudinal study currently underway on four American Indian reservations in the Northern Midwest and four Canadian First Nation reserves where residents share a common Indigenous cultural heritage. This paper includes information from 507 10 – 12 year old Indigenous youth and their biological mothers who participated in the study. Results of path analysis revealed significant direct and indirect effects whereby grandparent-generation (G1) participation in government relocation programs negatively impacts not only G1 well being, but also ripples out to affect subsequent generations.

This paper examines the roles of primary subsistence base and women's contributions to food production in the etiology of polygyny. Cross-cultural data from the Ethonographic Atlas are employed. Polygyny is differentiated into categories of absent (monogamy only), occasional (less than 20% of all marriages), and frequent (20% or more of all marriages). The results show that polygyny is very likely to be allowed, but infrequently practiced, in exploitative and incipient agriculture economies. It is most likely to be widespread in herding and extensive agriculture economies, but decreases in" frequency as agricultural technology develops further. These patterns are explained by variation in the roles of men and women in subsistence production.in combination with variation in the labor-intensiveness of subsistence activities.

The use of social science knowledge by policymakers has fallen short of what many social scientists would prefer. Research that supports this conclusion may be flawed by a methodological bias that overlooks the variety of knowledge sources used by decision makers. A survey of social workers that measures knowledge use from the perspective of the user, rather than the producer, of information identifies three types of knowledge sources, all of which are integrated in the decision-making process. We argue here for a shift in the direction of knowledge utilization research that will recognize similarities between knowledge use and knowledge creation.

Cover Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- I. Society's Forgotten Children -- 1 Runaway and Homeless Adolescents in America -- National Estimates of the Number of Homeless and Runaway Adolescents -- Research on Homeless and Runaway Adolescents -- A Life Course Developmental Approach to Precocious Independence -- Overview of the Book -- 2 The Midwest Homeless and Runaway Adolescent Project -- Introduction -- Design of the Study -- Sample -- Adolescent Sample Characteristics -- Parent/Caretaker Sample Characteristics -- Analyses of Refusal Rates -- Some Limitations and Cautions -- II. The Family Lives of Runaway and Homeless Adolescents -- 3 The Early Lives of Runaways -- The Life-Events Matrix -- Life Transitions -- Case Studies -- Transition Patterns -- Age at First Runaway and Risk for Subsequent Runs -- Age at First Runaway and Risk of Spending Time on the Streets -- Leaving Disorganized Families -- 4 Troubled Generations -- Adolescent Reports of Family Problems -- Parent/Caretakers' Reports on Family Problems -- Parental Substance Abuse Problems and the Parent-Child Relationship -- Across Generations -- The Families of Runaway and Homeless Adolescents -- 5 Getting Along at Home -- Parenting: Adolescent and Parent/Caretaker Reports -- Family Neglect, Violence, and Sexual Abuse: Adolescent Reports -- Comparing Adolescent and Parent/Caretaker Reports About Family Violence -- The Parent/Caretaker-Adolescent Relationship and Running Away -- The Families Adolescents Leave -- III. Taking Chances Adolescents on their Own -- 6 Getting Along -- The Social Networks of Homeless and Runaway Adolescents -- Characteristics of Peer Associations -- Contacts with Adults -- School Experiences -- Health Needs and Access to Health Resources -- Predictors of Social Network Composition -- The Social Worlds of Runaways

Event history analysis was used to study the correlates of running away from home for the first time and spending time directly on the street (sleeping outside or in an abandoned building) for the first time in a sample of 602 homeless and runaway adolescents from four Midwestern states. The results indicated that age, neglect by an adult caretaker, and sexual abuse by an adult caretaker were associated with the likelihood of running away from home for the first time. Moreover, age at first run and the amount of time that elapsed since first running away from home were associated with the likelihood of spending time directly on the street for the first time. Finally, although males and White youths were no more likely than females and non-White youths, respectively, to run away initially, males and White youths were more likely than females and non-White youths, respectively, to spend time directly on the street.

This study examined the associations between lifetime mental disorder, comorbidity, and self‐reported postrunaway arrests among 428 (187 males, 241 females) homeless and runaway youth. The analysis examined the pattern of arrests across five lifetime mental disorders (alcohol abuse, drug abuse, conduct disorder, major depressive episode, and posttraumatic stress disorder). The adolescents, ranging from 16 to 19 years old, were interviewed directly on the streets and in shelters in four Midwestern states using computer‐assisted personal interviewing. Extensive self‐reports of early life history, behaviors since running away from home, and diagnostic interviewing (UM‐CIDI and DISC‐R) were used to estimate possible disorders. There was a high level of postrunaway arrests reported by the youth; more than half were arrested at least once after the initial runaway, with the average of 4.4 times. Consistent with the hypotheses, there were differential associations between individual mental disorders and involvement with the criminal justice system. Only externalizing disorders such as substance abuse and conduct disorder were related to arrest. Street youth with multiple externalizing and internalizing disorders were more likely to be arrested than nondisordered youths.