Suchergebnisse

The clinical management of infants born with disabilities and at the cusp of viability has been a focus of attention in recent years because of medical advances as well as legislative activity. This article looks at the history, in terms of law and medical tradition, of this issue as well as how healthcare providers have been and could be affected.

RésuméCet essai présente les tendances récentes des migrations et de l'urbanisation dans les pays du Sud à la lumière des tendances historiques et contemporaines des pays du Nord. Les perceptions de la migration et de l'urbanisation sont importantes en ce qu'elles peuvent orienter les mesures politiques au plus haut niveau, et pourtant les enjeux de la répartition de la population sont parfois mal compris. Malgré les difficultés à mesurer correctement la migration et l'urbanisation, ces phénomènes révèleront beaucoup sur les inégalités sociales, le développement économique et les changements de l'environnement au cours du 21ème siècle. Dans le même temps, les effets de la migration et de l'urbanisation ne sont pas nécessairement simples ni uniformes dans tous les pays. La migration rurale-urbaine contribue à la croissance urbaine mais le rôle de l'accroissement urbain, de la migration urbaine-rurale et de la migration de retour ne doit pas être négligé. Chercheurs et politiques auraient tout intérêt à incorporer migrations nationales et internationales dans des cadres conceptuels élargis, notamment en ce qui concerne les questions d'assimilation et d'intégration sociale. Il est nécessaire de rassembler plus de données sur les tendances de la mobilité géographique et de ses déterminants, quelles que soient les frontières nationales ou internationales traversées. SummaryThis essay analyzes current trends in migration and urbanization for the contemporary Global South in light of historical and recent trends in the Global North. Perceptions of migration and urbanization are important in that they may drive policy at the highest levels, yet population redistribution is sometimes inadequately understood. Despite continuing challenges regarding adequate measurement, urbanization and migration will have much to say about social inequality, economic development, and environmental change in the 21st century. At the same time, the effects of migration and urbanization are not necessarily simple nor are they uniform across ...

Computer-based modeling and simulation has been a training staple in the military domain since the first aircraft simulators were adopted. More recently, virtual environments based on modeling, simulation and serious games, have introduced relatively low-cost, yet high value additions to the learning environment. As these virtual environments have proliferated, many researchers have investigated the relationship between theoretical foundations of learning, learner development and content delivery, and applied their findings in an attempt to bolster learning, yet performance deficiencies continue to exist. This study asserts that performance deficiencies exist in part because of insufficient contextually appropriate opportunities to practice. This work is multi-disciplinary in nature. Its foundation is modeling and simulation engineering; the use of technology to deliver training. Educational psychology and human factors concepts explain the theoretical basis for modeling and simulation as an effective training delivery agent. The study's thesis is that a framework for delivering contextually appropriate opportunities for warfighter practice can be applied to discover whether modeling, simulation and game-based virtual environments have the potential to improve individual performance for learners beyond the Novice Stage (e.g., Competent Stage) of skills acquisition. Furthermore, this conceptually appropriate practice (CAP) framework can be used to assess the potential of low fidelity virtual environments to provide targeted practice and to improve individual performance, not only during training in high-fidelity virtual environments (near transfer) but also in the live environment (far transfer). To evaluate the thesis, this study investigates the relationship of technology and learning science, and features an empirical evaluation of training effectiveness afforded by delivering additional training repetitions using both low-fidelity virtual environment simulator systems and high-fidelity aircraft simulators.

The lack of, or rather scarcity of international criminal environmental legislations no doubt reflects on the relatively secondary status of environmental crimes in national and international legal systems. Offenses against the environment are in most cases dealt with as regulatory violations, included within national environmental statutes. Even when dealing with specific and serious forms of pollution, criminal provisions always have to emerge from existing shallow environmental statutes, rather than from the broader criminal statutes, Laws addressing environmental crimes have traditionally been extensions of public and administrative environmental laws, rather than from a more comprehensive branch of environmental criminal laws. The increasing number of environmental offenses that have resulted in public outcry and protests are indications on the lack of appropriate legal instruments to prosecute offenders. The gravity of attacks on the environment need to be reassessed, even if there still exists a currently a lack of enthusiasm from both states and international organizations to developments international environmental criminal laws, and institute an International Environmental Criminal Court (IECC). This record was migrated from the OpenDepot repository service in June, 2017 before shutting down.

BACKGROUND: In South Africa, human geographic mobility is high as people engage in both permanent and temporary relocation, predominantly from rural to urban areas. Such mobility can compromise healthcare access and utilisation. The objective of this paper is to explore healthcare utilisation and its determinants in a cohort of internal migrants and permanent residents (non-migrants) originating from the Agincourt sub-district in South Africa's rural northeast. METHODS: A 5-year cohort study of 3800 individuals aged 18 to 40 commenced in 2017. Baseline data have been collected from 1764 Agincourt residents and 1334 temporary, mostly urban-based, migrants, and are analysed using bivariate analyses, logistic and multinomial regression models, and propensity score matching analysis. RESULTS: Health service utilisation differs sharply by migrant status and sex. Among those with a chronic condition, migrants had 0.33 times the odds of non-migrants to have consulted a health service in the preceding year, and males had 0.32 times the odds of females of having used health services. Of those who utilised services, migration status was further associated with the type of healthcare utilised, with 97% of non-migrant rural residents having accessed government facilities, while large proportions of migrants (31%) utilised private health services or consulted traditional healers (25%) in migrant destinations. The multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that, in the presence of controls, migrants had 8.12 the relative risk of non-migrants for utilising private healthcare (versus the government-services-only reference category), and 2.40 the relative risk of non-migrants for using a combination of public and private sector facilities. These findings of differential utilisation hold under statistical adjustment for relevant controls and for underlying propensity to migrate. CONCLUSIONS: Migrants and non-migrants in the study population in South Africa were found to utilise health services differently, both in overall ...

With one billion people on the move or having moved in 2018, migration is a global reality, which has also become a political lightning rod. Although estimates indicate that the majority of global migration occurs within low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), the most prominent dialogue focuses almost exclusively on migration from LMICs to high-income countries (HICs). Nowadays, populist discourse demonises the very same individuals who uphold economies, bolster social services, and contribute to health services in both origin and destination locations. Those in positions of political and economic power continue to restrict or publicly condemn migration to promote their own interests. Meanwhile nationalist movements assert so-called cultural sovereignty by delineating an us versus them rhetoric, creating a moral emergency.

With one billion people on the move or having moved in 2018, migration is a global reality, which has also become a political lightning rod. Although estimates indicate that the majority of global migration occurs within low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), the most prominent dialogue focuses almost exclusively on migration from LMICs to high-income countries (HICs). Nowadays, populist discourse demonises the very same individuals who uphold economies, bolster social services, and contribute to health services in both origin and destination locations. Those in positions of political and economic power continue to restrict or publicly condemn migration to promote their own interests. Meanwhile nationalist movements assert so-called cultural sovereignty by delineating an us versus them rhetoric, creating a moral emergency.