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© Cambridge University Press 2012. This chapter argues for connecting models of several kinds of macro- and microprocesses as they affect structure and dynamics in the globalization of networks of trade. The purpose is to explore multiple levels of structure, process, and adaptation and to loosen assumptions about determinacy in models of networks and globalization. As do many models of emergence, it questions the notions of inevitability that too often surround studies of globalization. Particularly useful for comparison of cases are the models of "world system" developed by Modelski and Thompson (1996, see Devezas and Modelski, 2008). These focus on national policy-driven innovation and processes of European "evolutionary learning" that began in the 1400s. They put into context the models that focus on core-periphery structure as developed by Braudel (1973), or the "world-system" core-periphery model that for Wallerstein (1974) begins in the 1600s. Study of structures of core-periphery in world systems can benefit from added dimensions, improved measurement of network structure, and understanding the effects of periodic crises in terms of historical dynamics. An unexpected outcome of this survey for issues of policy is that it develops a deeper historical understanding of how certain kinds of exchange systems develop several kinds of inequalities that are inimical to the concept of fair pricing in the operation of market equilibria, even in the absence of economic oligopolies (monopoly, duopoly) and oligopsonies (monopsony, duopsony). These include longstanding militaristic state-policy domination of international exchange, resultant structural inequality in international trade networks, and cyclical events within polities, that in periods of resource scarcity relative to population, create periods of extreme deflation of wages relative to extremes in elite dominance over wealth-generating property ownership.

This chapter argues for connecting models of several kinds of macro- and microprocesses as they affect structure and dynamics in the globalization of networks of trade. The purpose is to explore multiple levels of structure, process, and adaptation and to loosen assumptions about determinacy in models of networks and globalization. As do many models of emergence, it questions the notions of inevitability that too often surround studies of globalization. Particularly useful for comparison of cases are the models of "world system" developed by Modelski and Thompson (1996, see Devezas and Modelski, 2008). These focus on national policy-driven innovation and processes of European "evolutionary learning" that began in the 1400s. They put into context the models that focus on core-periphery structure as developed by Braudel (1973), or the "world-system" core-periphery model that for Wallerstein (1974) begins in the 1600s. Study of structures of core-periphery in world systems can benefit from added dimensions, improved measurement of network structure, and understanding the effects of periodic crises in terms of historical dynamics. An unexpected outcome of this survey for issues of policy is that it develops a deeper historical understanding of how certain kinds of exchange systems develop several kinds of inequalities that are inimical to the concept of fair pricing in the operation of market equilibria, even in the absence of economic oligopolies (monopoly, duopoly) and oligopsonies (monopsony, duopsony). These include longstanding militaristic state-policy domination of international exchange, resultant structural inequality in international trade networks, and cyclical events within polities, that in periods of resource scarcity relative to population, create periods of extreme deflation of wages relative to extremes in elite dominance over wealth-generating property ownership.

Confusions between substantive and relational concepts of kinship as a social network have led to a number of problems that are clarified by a temporally ordered relational theory of network structure. The ordered-network approach gives rise to a novel means of graphing the social field of kinship relations, while allowing kinship to be locally defined in culturally relative terms. Its utility is exemplified in applications to kinships among US Presidents, Old Testament Canaanites, and native Australians of Groote Eylandt. The formal concepts treated in the mapping of kinship networks are: kinship axioms, parental graph structure, core, circuits of consanguineally and affinally linked kin, sides and divides, homeomorphic mappings, homomorphisms as potentially simplifying mappings of kinship, elementary structure, and order-structure. Representational theorems are proven about homeomorphisms, cores and circuits, and the ambiguity of elementary structures. The last set of theorems leads to clarifying and redefining some of the basic concepts of elementary, semi-complex and complex structures of kinship in terms of properties of generationally ordered networks. The conclusions of the formal argument are 'post-structural' in the narrow sense of demonstrating the need for specifying contingent historical processes in the structural analysis of kinship as a social field. The open-ended approach to change, one that is implied by the study of ordered structures that unfold in a temporal succession, connects to issues of population variability, selection, and evolutionary processes. The kinship structures that are mapped in this approach are not intended as any sort of complete representations of kinship 'systems', but merely as scaffoldings that help to bring into view kinship as a social field, providing a baseline for other mappings (which may be superimposed) of social processes such as communicative fields, exchange processes, transmission of learned behaviors, social rights and inheritance, political and religious succession, and the like.

Confusions between substantive and relational concepts of kinship as a social network have led to a number of problems that are clarified by a temporally ordered relational theory of network structure. The ordered-network approach gives rise to a novel means of graphing the social field of kinship relations, while allowing kinship to be locally defined in culturally relative terms. Its utility is exemplified in applications to kinships among US Presidents, Old Testament Canaanites, and native Australians of Groote Eylandt. The formal concepts treated in the mapping of kinship networks are: kinship axioms, parental graph structure, core, circuits of consanguineally and affinally linked kin, sides and divides, homeomorphic mappings, homomorphisms as potentially simplifying mappings of kinship, elementary structure, and order-structure. Representational theorems are proven about homeomorphisms, cores and circuits, and the ambiguity of elementary structures. The last set of theorems leads to clarifying and redefining some of the basic concepts of elementary, semi-complex and complex structures of kinship in terms of properties of generationally ordered networks. The conclusions of the formal argument are 'post-structural' in the narrow sense of demonstrating the need for specifying contingent historical processes in the structural analysis of kinship as a social field. The open-ended approach to change, one that is implied by the study of ordered structures that unfold in a temporal succession, connects to issues of population variability, selection, and evolutionary processes. The kinship structures that are mapped in this approach are not intended as any sort of complete representations of kinship 'systems', but merely as scaffoldings that help to bring into view kinship as a social field, providing a baseline for other mappings (which may be superimposed) of social processes such as communicative fields, exchange processes, transmission of learned behaviors, social rights and inheritance, political and religious succession, and the like.

Advancing Family Theories explores two contemporary theories of the family - rational choice theory and transition theory. These diametrically different approaches illuminate what differing theories reveal about families. The book also discusses how meta-theories can assist in building and refining theory and offers insight on the "understanding versus explanation" debate. Advancing Family Theories gives students a precise notion of what a theory is and how theories work in research. The book not only looks at philosophical realms but also examines particular substantive theory to explai