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IN 1973 THE WHITE HOUSE ANNOUNCED THAT IT WOULD DISCONTINUE FEDERAL FUNDING OF THE COMMUNITY ACTION PROGRAM. IN 19748 HOWEVER, PRESIDENT FORD SIGNED INTO LAW THE COMMUNITY SERVICES ACT WHICH SAGE A THREE YEAR EXTENSION TO THE OFFICE OF ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY UNDER THE NAME OF THE COMMUNITY SERVICES ADMINISTRATION, AND FEDERAL FUNDING OF COMMUNITY ACTION AGENCIES WAS CONTINUED.

Compares 299 male and female members of the US Coast Guard; implications for public sector ethics; US.

THERE IS A CHANCE FOR PEACE IN IRELAND. THIS ARTICLE EXPLORES THE EFFECTS OF TERRORISM, AND THEN DEMOCRACY AND THE EASE OF BEING AN IRA ACTIVIST. IRISH NATIONALISM, IRISH REPUBLICANISM, MARXISTS AND THE WORKERS' PARTY ARE THEN EXAMINED. IT CONCLUDES WITH SOME STATISTICS ON ABSTRACTED EMPIRICISM AND RECOMMENDS FURTHER RESEARCH ON THE CONFLICT IN IRELAND.

ALTHOUGH THE IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY (IRA) HAS BEEN ACTIVE FOR MORE THAN 25 YEARS, INTERPRETATIONS OF THE MOTIVATION OF THE IRA ARE VARIED. FOR SOME, IT IS A SECTARIAN ORGANIZATION ENGAGED IN A TIT-FOR-TAT CAMPAIGN WITH PROTESTANT PARAMILITARIES IN NORTHERN IRELAND. FOR OTHERS, IT IS A GUERRILLA ARMY WAGING A MILITARY CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE BRITISH PRESENCE IN NORTHERN IRELAND. THIS ARTICLE ASSESSES THE DEGREE TO WHICH THE IRA WAS OR WAS NOT ENGAGED IN SECTARIAN ACTIVITY BETWEEN JULY 1969 AND DECEMBER 1993. ALTHOUGH THE IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY KILLED MORE THAN 340 PROTESTANT CIVILIANS IN THIS TIME PERIOD, THIS EXAMINATION SUGGESTS THAT THE IRA, IN GENERAL, WAS NOT A SECTARIAN ORGANIZATION.

THIS ARTICLE FOLLOWS UP ON A NOVEMBER 1990 PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SADDAM HUSSEIN. AS PREDICTED, SADDAM HUSSEIN REFUSED TO BUDGE AN INCH, ALTHOUGH HIS DOWNFALL SEEMS ASSURED. FURTHERMORE, THE MASSES IN THE OTHER ARAB COUNTRIES TURNED MORE AND MORE IN HIS FAVOR DURING THE SHOOTING WAR. HOWEVER, THE PREDICTED "RUTHLESS COUNTERATTACK" AND THE TENACITY OF THE REPUBLICAN GUARDS DID NOT COME TO PASS. POSSIBLE REASONS FOR THIS FAILURE INCLUDE THE IMMENSITY OF THE COALTION ASSAULT ON IRAQ, THE FAILURE OF ISRAEL TO RETALIATE AGAINST IRAQI SCUD MISSLE ATTACKS, AND GENERAL WAR-WEARINESS.

TEN ELEMENTS IN THE METHODOLOGY OF REALISTIC EMPATHY ARE CONSIDERED, INCLUDING THE CHESSPLAYER'S TYPE OF EMPATHY AND TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE OTHER'S EXPECTABLE MISPERCEPTIONS, ONE'S OWN EXPECTABLE MISPERCEPTIONS, AND THE OTHER'S CULTURAL BACKGROUND. A SOMEWHAT SYSTEMATIC COGNITIVE MAP OF SADDAM'S POLITICAL WORLD IS THEN ATTEMPTED. SOMEWHAT SURPRISINGLY, HIS BASIC MOTIVES INCLUDE MUCH GENUINE FEAR, ESPECIALLY FEAR THAT, WITHOUT STRENGTH AND TOUGHNESS ON HIS PART, IRAQ WILL FAR APART AND SYRIA AND IRAN WILL PICK UP THE PIECES. THEY ALSO INCLUDE INTENSE NEEDS FOR POWER AS SUCH, FOR ECONOMIC RECOVERY, AND FOR KEEPING HIS RECENTLY ACQUIRED REPUTATION, IN ARAB EYES, AS THE GREAT, TOUGH CHAMPION OF ALL ARABS IN THEIR STRUGGLE AGAINST ISRAEL, THE UNITED STATES AND THE GREEDY, CORRUPT, SPINELESS RULERS OF THE GULF STATES. PRESENT PERCEIVED PATHS TO THOSE GOALS INCLUDE NONPROVOCATION, WAITING FOR NEW ARAB ALLIES AND FOR GREATER DISUNITY IN THE NON-ARAB WORLD, AND RUTHLESS, ALL-OUT ATTACK IF ATTACKED OR ABOUT TO BE ATTACKED. IMPLICATIONS FOR NEGOTIATION ARE CONSIDERED.

AGGRESSION BETWEEN NATIONS IS DEFINED HERE NOT AS THE STARTING OF A WAR, BUT AS ANY USE OR THREAT OF FORCE IN ANOTHER COUNTRY, AGAINST THE WISHES OF EITHER THE PEOPLE OR THE GOVERNMENT OF THAT COUNTRY. REGARDLESS OF DEFINITIONS, HOWEVER, THERE IS MUCH EVIDENCE THAT, SINCE 1914, AGGRESSORS HAVE USUALLY LOST IN TERMS OF THEIR OWN LONG-TERM SELF-INTEREST. THIRTY EXAMPLES ARE EXAMINED. IN 20 OF THEM THE RESULTS ARE INTERPRETED AS BAD FOR THE AGGRESSORS, IN 5 AS GOOD, AND IN 5 AS AMBIGUOUS. (THE OPPOSITE WAS THE CASE BEFORE 1914.) THE DIRECT, TANGIBLE REASONS FOR LOSS USUALLY CONSIST OF UNEXPECTED RESISTANCE BY THE VICTIMS, UNEXPECTED INTERVENTION BY OTHER COUNTRIES ON BEHALF OF THE VICTIMS, OR BOTH; AND UNDERLYING BOTH OF THESE THERE IS EVIDENTLY A GREAT LACK OF REALISTIC EMPATHY WITH EITHER THE VICTIMS OR THEIR POTENTIAL ALLIES.

part Part I Thinking about Transnational Environmental Crime -- chapter 1 Lieselot Bisschop (2011), 'Transnational Environmental Crime: Exploring (Un)charted Territory' -- chapter 2 Glen Wright (2011), 'Conceptualising and Combating Transnational Environmental Crime' -- chapter 3 Diane Heckenberg (2010), 'The Global Transference of Toxic Harms' -- chapter 4 Ragnhild Sollund (2008), 'Causes for Speciesism: Difference, Distance and Denial' -- chapter 5 Robert Agnew (2011), 'Dire Forecast: A Theoretical Model of the Impact of Climate Change on Crime' -- chapter 6 Stephen Farrall (2012), 'Where Might We Be Headed? Some of the Possible Consequences of Climate Change for the Criminological Research Agenda' -- part Part II Conflicts, Victimisation and the Environment -- chapter 7 Francis O. Adeola (2000), 'Cross-National Environmental Injustice and Human Rights Issues: A Review of Evidence in the Developing World' -- chapter 8 Richard D. Clark (2009), 'Environmental Disputes and Human Rights Violations: A Role for Criminologists' -- chapter 9 Linda Waldman (2007), 'When Social Movements Bypass the Poor: Asbestos Pollution, International Litigation and Griqua Cultural Identity' -- chapter 10 Tim Boekhout van Solinge (2010), 'Deforestation Crimes and Conflicts in the Amazon' -- chapter 11 Ali Mohamed Al-Damkhi, Ali Mohamed Khuraibet, Sabah Ahmed Abdul-Wahab and Faten Abdul-Hameed Al-Attar (2009), 'Toward Defining the Concept of Environmental Crime on the Basis of Sustainability' -- part Part III Pollution and Waste -- chapter 12 Vincenzo Ruggiero and Nigel South (2010), 'Green Criminology and Dirty Collar Crime' -- chapter 13 Lieselot Bisschop (2012), 'Is It All Going to Waste? Illegal Transports of E-Waste in a European Trade Hub' -- chapter 14 Ana Klenovšek and Gorazd Meško (2010), 'International Waste Trafficking: Preliminary Explorations' -- chapter 15 Carole Gibbs, Edmund F. McGarrell, Mark Axelrod and Louie Rivers III (2011), 'Conservation Criminology and the Global Trade in Electronic Waste: Applying a Multi-Disciplinary Research Framework' -- chapter 16 Reece Walters (2010), 'Toxic Atmospheres Air Pollution, Trade and the Politics of Regulation' -- part Part IV Biodiversity and Wildlife Crime -- chapter 17 Nigel South (2007), 'The -- chapter 18 Reece Walters (2006), 'Crime, Bio-Agriculture and the Exploitation of Hunger' -- chapter 19 Greg L. Warchol (2004), 'The Transnational Illegal Wildlife Trade' -- chapter 20 Andrew M. Lemieux and Ronald V. Clarke (2009), 'The International Ban on Ivory Sales and Its Effects on Elephant Poaching in Africa' -- chapter 21 Stephen F. Pires and William D. Moreto (2011), 'Preventing Wildlife Crimes: Solutions That Can Overcome the -- part Part V Combating Transnational Environmental Crime -- chapter 22 Kevin Tomkins (2005), 'Police, Law Enforcement and the Environment' -- chapter 23 Anita Sundari Akella and James B. Cannon (2004), Strengthening the Weakest Links: Strategies for Improving the Enforcement of Environmental Laws Globally -- chapter 24 Marina Malis Sazdovska (2010), 'Usage of Special Investigation Measures in Detecting Environmental Crime: International and Macedon ian Perspective' -- chapter 25 Toine Spapens (2011), 'Cross-Border Police Cooperation in Tackling Environmental Crime' -- chapter 26 Rob White (2012), 'NGO Engagement in Environmental Law Enforcement: Critical Reflections'.