Suchergebnisse

The aim of this work is not be exhaustive, but merely a subjective show the history of military formations existing in the years 1915-1917 he was the Third Brigade of the Polish Legions. On the basis of archival materials and scientific literature the author presents the constitution of the unit, which played an important role in the struggle for Polish independence in the First World War. The work is presented in both aspects of the purely military and political background related to the struggle for Polish Legions character. Initially, the author puts forward for consideration a preliminary reflection. Then present the formation of Polish organization of shooting in Galicia. In the next part discusses the circumstances surrounding the creation and the beginnings of the Polish Legions and the genesis of the Third Brigade of the Polish Legions. At the end of the focuses its attention on uniforms and equipment Legions.

Many times over the centuries torn turbulence Euro-Atlantic space accounted for decades one of the quieter regions of the globe. There was a belief that it is susceptible primarily to other threats than military. Consolidated confirmed that the stabilization of the economic situation around the EU, as well as selective expeditionary political and military commitment to NATO and the US in the Middle East, and made towards the reorientation of East Asian steps of the American superpower. Redefining attitudes forced the Russian neo-imperialist expansiveness, amending the procedures and rules has led a quiet rivalry for the post-Soviet space, which Russia wants to rebuild the new reality. The challenge Putin exacted the need to revive the Euro-Atlantic partnership-owned delve into instruments to restore the status quo, which does not help, sparking a wider context of global tectonics Euro-Atlantic security and diversification of raisons d'etat. ; Wielokrotnie na przestrzeni wieków targana turbulencjami przestrzeń eu-roatlantycka stanowiła przez ostatnie dekady jeden ze spokojniejszych regionów globu. Istniało przekonanie, iż jest ona podatna głównie na inne zagrożenia niż militarne. Potwierdzały to skonsolidowana wokół stabilizowania sytuacji ekono-micznej UE, jak również selektywne, ekspedycyjne zaangażowanie polityczno-militarne NATO i USA na Bliskim Wschodzie oraz poczynione w kierunku reorientacji wschodnio-azjatyckiej kroki amerykańskiego mocarstwa. Redefinicję postaw wymusiła rosyjska neoimperialna ekspansywność, zmieniająca tryb i reguły prowadzonej dotąd cichej rywalizacji o przestrzeń poradziecką, którą Rosja chce w nowych realiach odbudować. Wyzwanie Putina wyegzekwowało potrzebę ożywienia euroatlantyckiego partnerstwa – sięgnięcia do posiadanego instru-mentarium w celu przywrócenia dotychczasowego status quo, czego nie ułatwia szerszy kontekst iskrzenia globalnej tektoniki bezpieczeństwa oraz zróżnicowanie euroatlantyckich raison d'etat.

The focus on seeking alternative fuels for combustion engines has been on the environmental and political scene for many years. Simultaneously there is a more and more serious problem of non-degradable waste utilization. In the present work an attempt has been made to asses both of those aspects by proposing a tailor-made, 3-component mixture consisting of mineral diesel, crude rapeseed oil and waste tyre pyrolytic oil. It was proven that the addition of pyrolytic oil can improve some basic drawbacks of rapeseed oil / diesel mixtures like high density and viscosity or low cold filter plugging point. On the basis of maximum bio-component share and optimum physicochemical properties a best fuel sample (40% mineral diesel oil, 55% rapeseed oil and 5% pyrolytic oil fraction) had been selected for engine tests, performed on a light-duty multi-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine with electronic, Common Rail (CR) injection system. The steady state tests were performed for two rotational speeds and two injection strategies (single and sequential fuel injection), for each of which a full load sweep was performed. The engine research included in-cylinder pressure analysis along with efficiency estimation and exhaust gas emission measurements. The research confirmed the assumption that the selected fuel mixture is suitable for modern CI engines. The specific fuel consumption was similar or lower for the tested fuel compared to standard diesel, except the cases were sequential injection was incorporated. Emissions remained on similar levels as for both fuels except Total HydroCarbons (THC) at sequential injection operation points, which correlated with lower fuel conversion efficiency.

The focus on seeking alternative fuels for combustion engines has been on the environmental and political scene for many years. Simultaneously there is a more and more serious problem of non-degradable waste utilization. In the present work an attempt has been made to asses both of those aspects by proposing a tailor-made, 3-component mixture consisting of mineral diesel, crude rapeseed oil and waste tyre pyrolytic oil. It was proven that the addition of pyrolytic oil can improve some basic drawbacks of rapeseed oil / diesel mixtures like high density and viscosity or low cold filter plugging point. On the basis of maximum bio-component share and optimum physicochemical properties a best fuel sample (40% mineral diesel oil, 55% rapeseed oil and 5% pyrolytic oil fraction) had been selected for engine tests, performed on a light-duty multi-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine with electronic, Common Rail (CR) injection system. The steady state tests were performed for two rotational speeds and two injection strategies (single and sequential fuel injection), for each of which a full load sweep was performed. The engine research included in-cylinder pressure analysis along with efficiency estimation and exhaust gas emission measurements. The research confirmed the assumption that the selected fuel mixture is suitable for modern CI engines. The specific fuel consumption was similar or lower for the tested fuel compared to standard diesel, except the cases were sequential injection was incorporated. Emissions remained on similar levels as for both fuels except Total HydroCarbons (THC) at sequential injection operation points, which correlated with lower fuel conversion efficiency.