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Achilles tendon injuries are common overuse injuries in military populations. However, limited research has been undertaken looking specifically at the incidence and aetiology in army recruits. A pilot study was undertaken to investigate the incidence and aetiology of achilles tendinopathy in a group of 384 army recruits undertaking 12 weeks of intensive training. A descriptive questionnaire design was used to gather information. From this a total of 16 achilles tendon injuries were recorded during four intakes of recruits from the period January to August, 2003. An incident rate of 4.2% was recorded and a significant relationship (p<0.05) was shown between achilles tendon injury incidence, the female gender and footwear, indicating a problem with footwear in New Zealand Army recruits. A further aim of the study was to review the current literature with respect to achilles tendinopathy, the anatomy and function, biomechanics, histopathology and management. A systematic review was also undertaken looking at eccentrictype loading programs for achilles tendinopathy. A search of Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, PEDro physiotherapy System, Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group, MEDLINE and CINAHL were used to identify studies from January, 1990 to August, 2003. The methodological quality of the papers was assessed using The Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group generic evaluation tool. Following the evaluation it was concluded that the papers scored from poor to moderate indicating that the overall clinical efficacy of eccentrictype loading programs for the treatment of achilles tendinopathy may be questionable and that further more robust trials are required before strong conclusions can be drawn.

Execution of conveyancing documentation by companies has given rise to considerable anxiety to vendors, purchasers and their solicitors. Only gradually have the courts construed and applied the straightforward Section 20(1) and the enigmatic Section 23 of the Conveyancing and Property Ordinance, leaving in their wake a host of defective titles. Now the Hong Kong Legislature has come to our aid by enacting a new Section 23A. The purpose of this article is to examine the meaning of this section and to explore the extent of its curative effect. ; published_or_final_version

This paper sets out the historical background to the development of safety cases as a tool to manage and regulate major hazard industries, primarily in the UK. The main features of successful safety case systems are described and an assessment made of the successes and failures in their application. 1. It is probably only possible to achieve absolute safety if as a society we do not undertake hazardous activities. However we know that the application of technology brings great benefits to us as a society. The skill comes in exploiting potentially hazardous technology whilst minimising the risks - accepting it is probably not possible to totally eliminate the risks. 2. The concept of using the mechanism of a safety case as a tool to help manage major risks, although around for some considerable time, particularly in the nuclear field, continues to expand into new areas. This alone tells us something about the worth and success of the safety case concept. This paper will briefly trace some of the history of its development in the UK and Europe, outline some of the features of successful safety case regulatory regimes as well as some of the difficulties. 3. In the context of this paper the term "safety case" is used to cover the variety of legislative requirements which variously require "safety cases" or "safety reports". The term "installation" is used to describe the site that presents the major hazard whether it be a nuclear power station, an oil refinery or an offshore oil and gas facility and the term "operator" to describe the owner or employer in charge of the installation.

In a well known British case, the relatives of a dead man consented to the use of his organs for transplant on the condition that they were transplanted only into white people. The British government condemned the acceptance of racist offers and the panel they set up to report on the case condemned all conditional offers of donation. The panel appealed to a principle of altruism and meeting the greatest need. This paper criticises their reasoning. The panel's argument does not show that conditional donation is always wrong and anyway overlooks a crucial distinction between making an offer and accepting it. But even the most charitable reinterpretation of the panel's argument does not reject selective acceptance of conditional offers. The panel's reasoning has no merit.

On June 5, 1997, Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt and Secretary of Commerce William Daley signed a jointly-released Secretarial Order entitled "American Indian Tribal Rights, Federal-Tribal Trust Responsibilities, and the Endangered Species Act"' The Order culminated a year-and-a-half of work by tribes and federal officials to craft an administrative system for resolving difficult questions involving tribal rights and the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The Order is important for the ESA's implementation. It also carries broader significance, for it serves as one major example of how the government-to-government relationship between the United States and Indian tribes can be successfully implemented.

Vor dem Eintritt in ein neues Jahrtausend sorgt sich die westliche Welt über den Niedergang der Moral. Der vorliegende Beitrag geht folgenden Fragen nach: Ob die fortschreitende Selbstbestimmung des Individuums zu einer egoistischeren, selbstbezogeneren Gesellschaft führt? Ob dies das Ende aller wechselseitigen Verpflichtungen bedeutet? Oder ob wir uns jenseits der Freiheit an eine neue Ethik und eine neue tragfähigere Lebensform herantasten? Die Interpretation von Umfrageergebnissen zeigt folgendes Bild: In den Bereichen Familienleben, Arbeit und Politik finden sich deutliche Anzeichen sowohl für einen zunehmenden Individualismus als auch einen Zusammenbruch der alten Ordnungsstrukturen, die früheren Generationen eine feste Orientierung boten. Die Generation der heute 20- bis Anfang 30jährigen erprobt in so unterschiedlichen Bereichen wie Tierschutz und Mutterschaft, Karriere und Politik eine neue Moral. Und dort, wo die Traditionalisten die Zeit zurückdrehen möchten, treffen die "Kinder der Freiheit" eine ganz andere Wahl: anhand von ausgeübter Freiheit zu einem neuen Verständnis von Selbstbestimmung und wechselseitiger Abhängigkeit zu gelangen, das in traditionellen Ordnungen niemals zu erreichen war und ist. (pre)

Feminist thought has conventionally been ignored by psychology through a series of mechanisms, including exclusion of certain kinds of theory, terming feminist writing a form of politics rather than science, drawing attention to internal inconsistencies in feminist thought, & using a liberal rhetoric to mask exclusionary practices. Despite these efforts, feminists have succeeded in challenging the pedagogic & epistemological models of psychology, calling attention to distinctively feminist ways of knowing & to how psychology has participated in the oppression of women. These challenges have met with firm resistance, & feminists continue to remain on the margins of the discipline, which offers views from inside & outside the profession. However, while this perspective has advantages, it must eventually become instrumental in the transformation of the discipline. 45 References. D. M. Ryfe

Data from 1586 Francophone students in Northeastern Ontario concerning their attitudes towards French and English show seven independent factors affect linguistic beliefs. Three factors -believing French unimportant, believing English practically dominant, and believing their French inadequate - lead students to continue their post-secondary education solely in English. Believing French more pleasurable is positively, and believing English superior is negatively, related to continuing post-secondary education solely in French. Educational level is negatively related to believing English superior and to believing French unimportant but positively related to believing English dominant, French pleasurable, and their French inadequate. Policy should therefore focus on countering the belief in English dominance and the belief in the inadequacy of their ability in French. ; Les données recueillies par Laflamme et Dennie (1990) auprès de 1586 étudiants francophones du Nord-Est de l'Ontario, données portant notamment sur les attitudes envers le français et l'anglais, révèlent sept facteurs déterminants des croyances linguistiques. Trois facteurs - croire que le français n'est pas important, que l'anglais est en réalité dominant et que le français qu'on parle est inadéquat - incitent les étudiants à poursuivre leurs études en anglais seulement. Croire que le français constitue, plus que l'anglais, une langue de plaisir est positivement relié au fait de poursuivre des études postsecondaires en français seulement, alors que tenir l'anglais pour une langue supérieure est négativement relié au fait de poursuivre des études en français seulement. Le niveau d'éducation est négativement relié à la croyance en la supériorité de l'anglais et à celle en la non-importance du français, mais il est relié positivement au fait de croire en la domination de l'anglais, au français comme langue de plaisir et au manque de compétence à s'exprimer dans sa langue. Par conséquent, les décisions politiques devraient veiller à contrecarrer la croyance en la domination de l'anglais et celle en l'incompétence de la personne dans sa langue.

The implications of the historical conflict between Turkey & Greece & the US's foreign policies toward both nations for future Turkish-American relations are considered. An overview of US foreign policy toward Turkey & Greece reveals the US's interest in improving relations with both nations & notes the constraints that hinder relations-building processes. Two principal points of contention between Turkey & Greece are identified: (1) each nation's claim over the island of Cyprus & the tensions that have developed from these competing claims; & (2) questions concerning airspace rights over the Aegean Sea. Although military conflicts between Turkey & Greece have been minimal during the late 20th century, each country nonetheless perceives the other as a national security threat. Moreover, several historical & present-day developments that could escalate the conflict are identified. After detailing the failure of previous Turkish-Greek negotiations, it is claimed that the mutual compassion & goodwill following both nations' experience of devastating earthquakes in 1999 & the EU's consideration of Turkey as a candidate for membership have reduced interstate hostilities. It is concluded that the US & the EU should collaborate to resolve the Turkish-Greek conflict concerning Cyprus to enhance relations with both Turkey & Greece. J. W. Parker

This is a conference paper. ; Sanitation service delivery in South Africa is directly linked to the history of the country. The number of households lacking basic sanitation services in 2001 was approximately 4.7 million. This amounts to approximately 18 million people or 42% of the population. During August 2000 to June 2001, South Africa experienced one of the worst cholera epidemics in the country's recent history. The outbreak was linked to outbreaks in Mozambique, Swaziland and Zambia. By December 2002, South Africa had reported a total of 151 852 cholera cases. The efforts to combat the epidemic involved government at all levels and included interventions such as access to potable water, sanitation, and education. This paper compares the conventional approach to sanitation which was implemented before the cholera outbreak to the accelerated approach which evolved in the KwaZulu-Natal Province as a result of the outbreak.

Since the mid 1990s, following the reception in Australia of Robert Putnam's theory about social capital, volunteering has been seen as a means of expanding democracy. Social researchers have stressed the role of friendly social networks and informal civil associations in generating reserves of trust and social capital. The broad social benefits of trust are now widely recognised as having the potential to sustain and renovate economic and political institutions. Robert Putnam uses volunteering as an index of civic participation and argues that the immanent decline of volunteering signals a potential crisis for democracy. In this paper, we challenge Putnam's thesis from two directions, empirically and theoretically. Using information about time spent in volunteering from 1974 to 1997, it can be shown that, far from the decline in volunteering Putnam predicts, there is likely to be a significant increase in the total number of volunteer hours supplied. While this does give us some reason to anticipate an expansion of democracy in the future, we will argue that Putnam also underestimates the democratising potential of volunteering by ignoring the relationships of care in which volunteering is anchored.