Suchergebnisse

Der Beitrag sucht Parallelen und Abweichungen der Aufnahme-, Versorgungs- und Rückkehrpolitiken bezüglich der bosnischen Kriegsflüchtlinge, die zwischen den 1990er und 2000er Jahren in Deutschland lebten und den syrischen Kriegsflüchtlingen, die seit 2011 Zuflucht in Deutschland suchen. Zwar ist der Krieg in Syrien noch nicht vorbei, aber was lässt sich aus den Erfahrungen mit den bosnischen Bürgerkriegsflüchtlingen bereits jetzt für die kommenden Jahre absehen, wenn der Krieg endet, aber auch, falls er andauert? Um dieser Frage nachzugehen, werfe ich zuerst einen Blick auf die 1990er Jahre, um ausgehend von dieser Beschreibung die wichtigsten Veränderungen der letzten zwei Dekaden zu thematisieren. Dieser allgemeine Rahmen bildet den Ausgangspunkt für eine Beschreibung von Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschieden der außenpolitischen, asylrechtlichen, transferrechtlichen sowie verwaltungstechnischen Reaktionen auf den Zuzug einer großen Zahl von Bürgerkriegsflüchtlingen. Ich ende mit einem Ausblick auf die möglichen zukünftigen Entwicklungen die syrischen Geflüchteten betreffend.

The term "migration background" is commonly used in Germany today, but this neologism is only 20 years old. As an official category, it is even much younger. There has been only little research concerning the new population category, which emerged around the turn of the millennium. Thus, the question how the "migration background" could become the central category describing migration related diversity in Germany is not answered yet. This article fills this gap by exploring the context of the emergence of the "migration background" including the history of ethnic categories in German official statistics. It describes the actual definition of a "migration background" which became an official category in 2007 when the German Federal Statistical Office started publishing data regarding "the population with a migration background" based on the microcensus, a 1% household survey with mandatory participation. The central questions are: how national membership is imagined, how is it inscribed in definitions, and what adaptions had to be made over time? To answer these questions, different sources as questionnaires, publications of results of the microcensus and national reports on children and youth are analysed. Using interpretative methods, it is shown how a new taxonomy of the population in Germany was created, how it was influenced by international and national educational research, and to which extent it reshaped the perspectives on newcomers and natives. It is shown that the new category is tightly bound to citizenship and summarizes a number of older ethnic categories, but excludes also immigrated Germans who immigrated shortly after Second World War and from the former German Democratic Republic. Therefore, the label "migration background" is misleading because inherited citizenship and ancestry is in the centre of the definition rather than migration experience. ; Peer Reviewed

A high number of legal changes accompanied the increase of people seeking asylum in Germany throughout the 18th legislative period from 2013–2017. These changes have transformed the field of humanitarian reception in Germany, especially along the axes of citizenship, integration performance and deviation from administrative and legal rules. Half of the legal measures from this period have led to differential rights for different groups of asylum seekers according to one of these three axes. The axis of citizenship has also structured the development of administrative procedures referred to as "integrated refugee management" which was established to speed up asylum seeking processes, classifying persons applying for a humanitarian residence visa in Germany into four clusters. This categorization, too, led to different entitlements regarding the admittance to state-financed German courses and integration measures focussed on education and the labour market. In this article I employ the notion of differential inclusion (Mezzadra & Neilson, 2012) to analyse these legal and administrative changes. I show that they have reshaped the substructures impacting the lives of those categorized as "genuine" and "illegitimate" refugees and thus redrawn the boundaries and created hierarchies among those seeking humanitarian protection in Germany.

A high number of legal changes accompanied the increase of people seeking asylum in Germany throughout the 18th legislative period from 2013–2017. These changes have transformed the field of humanitarian reception in Germany, especially along the axes of citizenship, integration performance and deviation from administrative and legal rules. Half of the legal measures from this period have led to differential rights for different groups of asylum seekers according to one of these three axes. The axis of citizenship has also structured the development of administrative procedures referred to as "integrated refugee management" which was established to speed up asylum seeking processes, classifying persons applying for a humanitarian residence visa in Germany into four clusters. This categorization, too, led to different entitlements regarding the admittance to state-financed German courses and integration measures focussed on education and the labour market. In this article I employ the notion of differential inclusion (Mezzadra & Neilson, 2012) to analyse these legal and administrative changes. I show that they have reshaped the substructures impacting the lives of those categorized as "genuine" and "illegitimate" refugees and thus redrawn the boundaries and created hierarchies among those seeking humanitarian protection in Germany.

A high number of legal changes accompanied the increase of people seeking asylum in Germany throughout the 18th legislative period from 2013–2017. These changes have transformed the field of humanitarian reception in Germany, especially along the axes of citizenship, integration performance and deviation from administrative and legal rules. Half of the legal measures from this period have led to differential rights for different groups of asylum seekers according to one of these three axes. The axis of citizenship has also structured the development of administrative procedures referred to as "integrated refugee management" which was established to speed up asylum seeking processes, classifying persons applying for a humanitarian residence visa in Germany into four clusters. This categorization, too, led to different entitlements regarding the admittance to state-financed German courses and integration measures focussed on education and the labour market. In this article I employ the notion of differential inclusion (Mezzadra & Neilson, 2012) to analyse these legal and administrative changes. I show that they have reshaped the substructures impacting the lives of those categorized as "genuine" and "illegitimate" refugees and thus redrawn the boundaries and created hierarchies among those seeking humanitarian protection in Germany.

In den Jahren 1992-1995 kamen ca. 35 Tausend bosnische Kriegsflüchtlinge nach Berlin und wurden vorübergehend geduldet. Nach Kriegsende 1995 sollten sie schnellstmöglich wieder zurückkehren. Traumatisierte und Ältere ohne Angehörige im Heimatland wurden weiterhin geduldet bis Bosnien-Herzegowina wieder aufgebaut ist. Doch der Wiederaufbau verlief schleppend. Mit dem Friedensvertrag von Dayton begannen nicht Frieden und Wiederaufbau, sondern die Konsolidierung der ethnischen Grenzen in demokratischen Strukturen. Deshalb sahen viele Flüchtlinge keine Möglichkeit in ihre Heimatorte zurückzukehren und versuchten ihre Rückkehr hinauszuschieben. Möglich war dies mithilfe der Attestierung einer kriegsbedingten Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung und ihre psychotherapeutische Behandlung, die den Inhabenden und ihren Familienmitgliedern eine Aufenthaltsverlängerung ermöglichte und ab dem Jahr 2000 den Erhalt eines dauerhaften Aufenthaltstitels. Die Verbindung einer psychischen Krankheit und ihrer Psychotherapie mit einem Aufenthaltsrecht ist neu in der Geschichte des deutschen Ausländerrechts und obwohl Berliner Psychiater, Psychiaterinnen, Psychologinnen und Psychologen maßgeblich an der Schaffung der "Traumatisiertenregelung" beteiligt waren, wurden ihre Atteste von der Berliner Verwaltung in Frage gestellt. In der Dissertation werden die Standpunkte der Flüchtlinge, Behandelnden und der Verwaltung dargelegt und ihre Interaktionen beschrieben.Die Rolle des Krankheitskonzeptes der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung wird als "boundary object" (Star/Griesemer 1989) untersucht. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Lebenswelten und Taktiken der Flüchtlinge, sich in Berlin zurechtzufinden und Anerkennung und Verständnis für ihre Situation zu finden. Ihre Bedürfnisse wurden in einen psychotherapeutischen Bedarf übersetzt und damit den Berliner Psychotherapeutinnen und -therapeuten ein neues Betätigungs- und Professionalisierungfeld geboten, was kritisch hinterfragt wird. ; From 1992 until 1995 about 35 thousand Bosnian war refugees fled to Berlin and were allowed to stay temporarily. After the end of the war in 1995 they were expected to leave as soon as possible. Traumatized persons and elderly without relatives in Bosnia had the possibility to prolong their visa until Bosnia is reconstructed. But the rebuilding process progressed only slowly. With the end of the war did not start the expected peace time and rebuilding but the consolidation of ethnic borders inside democratic structures. Therefore many refugees did not see a possibility to return to their property and tried to delay their return. This was possible with an medical statement certifying a war related posttraumatic stress disorder and their psychotherapeutic treatment. These medical statements ensured the extension of the visa for the concerned person and its family members. From 2000 onwards they could receive a permanent residence title. The connection of a mental illness and psychotherapy with residence entitlements is a novelty in the German aliens law. And despite the fact that psychiatrists and psychologists from Berlin were leading actors in the establishment of the "regularization of the traumatized" their medical/psychological statements were impeached by the authorities. The dissertation describes the viewpoints of refugees, treating physicians and psychologists and the authorities and how they interact with each other. Additionally is the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder examined and discussed as "boundary object" (Star/Griesemer 1989). An important aspect is the description of life worlds and tactics of the refugees to get along in Berlin, to gain respect and appreciation for their situation. Their needs were translated into a psychotherapeutic demand and this led to the invention of a new field of work and professionalization for psychotherapists in Berlin. This development is critically reflected.

Preliminary Material -- Einleitung: Fälschung und Plagiat als Figuren des Wissens -- Was ist kein Autor? – Autorschaften zwischen Poetik und urheberrecht -- Buchstabenuntreue – Philologie der Fälschung und des Plagiats -- Plagiat und Fälschung (in) der Psychoanalyse -- Priorität und Beweis in den Naturwissenschaften -- Fälschung als Literarisches Prinzip – Literatur als Analyse der Fälschung in Wissensdispositiven -- Einflusslust und Einflussangst in Poetik und Literatur -- Schlussbemerkung: Déjà dit – Autrement dit -- Literatur- und Abbildungsverzeichnis -- Abbildungsnachweise.